美国宪法第二修正案
 | 此条目需要补充更多来源。 (2013年9月10日) |
 | 此条目可参照德语维基百科相应条目来扩充。 |
| 本条目属于 |
| 美利坚合众国宪法 |
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| 序言和正文 |
| 修正案 |
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| 历史 |
| 全文 |
《美利坚合众国宪法》第二修正案（英语：Second Amendment to the United States Constitution）简称“第二修正案”（Amendment II），是美国权利法案之一，于1791年12月15日正式通过。它保障了美国持枪权，亦即公民享有正当防卫的公民权利[1][2][3][4]。
历史
[编辑]第一批乘坐“五月花号”到达北美大陆的欧洲移民正是依靠枪械等武器才得以在这片土地上落地生根，在猛兽和印第安人的包围中，武器成为每个人安身立命的工具。此后，北美十三州逐渐成形，因为没有常备的官兵，移民们只能以枪械自卫，州政府也逐渐介入到武器管理中，部分州政府甚至会对没有武器的居民进行处罚。随着独立战争的打响，民兵的影响力进一步扩大，正是这些拥有武器的民兵和英军作战8年，并成功赢得独立战争。建国后，当1789年美国宪法的“权利法案”由国会议员提出时，“持有和携带武器”的权利被自然而然的写入其中，并于1791年被批准正式生效。为了限制强势的专制政府，防止政府权力膨胀进而侵犯公民权力，赋予公民反抗的武器，也是这条法案重要内在精神，俗谓“枪权天授”。
内容
[编辑]| “ | A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. | ” |
- 译文：纪律良好的民兵队伍，对于一个自由国家的安全实属必要；人民持有和携带武器的权利，不得予以侵犯[5]
时任美国国务卿的托马斯·杰斐逊认可的内容如下，与原文相比，字句相同但是断句与部分文字大小写不同：[6]
| “ | A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. | ” |
本条修正案的争议在于人民（the people）是指前文的民兵（Militia），还是指所有人，也就是对只有民兵有拥枪权还是所有人都有拥枪权有疑问。据联邦宪法法院的判例，是指后者。
争议与解释
[编辑]第二修正案自制定以来一直是美国宪法中最具争议的条款之一，特别是在枪支管制议题上。
1. 个人权利观点：认为第二修正案保证每个公民拥有和携带武器的个人权利，不论是否参与民兵。
2. 集体权利观点：认为第二修正案是为了保障各州拥有组建和维持民兵的能力，因此武器权利应与民兵活动相关。
在2008年及2010年，美国联邦最高法院分别做出了两个与本修正案有关的指标性判决。在哥伦比亚特区诉黑勒案（District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008)）中，联邦最高法院判决认为，第二修正案保障个人拥有枪支的权利，不论该人是否属于民兵皆然，[7][8]并且可以基于合法的目的使用该等武器，诸如在屋内自我防卫。在麦克唐纳诉芝加哥案（McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. 3025 (2010)）中，法院判决第二修正案不仅能约束联邦政府，对于州政府和地方政府同样具有拘束力[9]。
参阅
[编辑]参考
[编辑]- ^ Constitutional Law. Casenotes. [2018-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14）.
- ^ Jilson, Cal. American Government: Political Development and Institutional Change. [2018-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-13）.
- ^ Shaman, Jeffrey. After Heller: What Now for the Second Amendment. Santa Clara Law Review. [2014-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-28）.
- ^ US Senate Annotated Constitution. [2014-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-10）.
- ^ 美國在台協會 - 權利法案 （美國憲法修正案第一至第十條）. [2018-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-17）.
- ^ A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875. memory.loc.gov. [2014-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-28）.
- ^ "The court held that the second amendment recognized an individual right to possess and carry a firearm unconnected with militia service." Pollock, Earl. The Supreme Court and American Democracy: Case Studies on Judicial Review and Public Policy. Greenwood. 2008: 423. ISBN 978-0-313-36525-6.
- ^ "held that the second amendment protects an individual's right to bear arms," Scaros, Constantinos E. Understanding the Constitution. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2010: 484. ISBN 978-0-7637-5811-0.
- ^ Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5-to-4 Ruling （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
延伸阅读
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- Barnett, Hilaire. Constitutional & Administrative Law. Routledge Cavendish. 2004. ISBN 1-85941-927-5.
- Bickford, Charlene; et al (编). Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America, March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1791: Correspondence: First Session, September–November 1789 17. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8018-7162-7.
- Bogus, Carl T. The Second Amendment in Law and History: Historians and Constitutional Scholars on the Right to Bear Arms. New York: The New Press. 2001. ISBN 1-56584-699-0.
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- Carter, Gregg Lee. Guns in American Society. ABC-CLIO. 2002.
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外部链接
[编辑]
维基文库中的相关原始文献：United States Bill of Rights
- District of Columbia v. Heller. [2022-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2008-07-02）.
- National Archives Scanned Image of the Bill of Rights, including the Second Amendment. October 30, 2015 [2022-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-04）.
- 短片 Big Picture: To Keep and Bear Arms 可在互联网档案馆自由下载
- Volokh, Eugene (编). State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions. UCLA School of Law. [April 3, 2020]. （原始内容存档于March 5, 2020）..
