美國憲法第二修正案
 | 此條目需要補充更多來源。 (2013年9月10日) |
 | 此條目可參照德語維基百科相應條目來擴充。 |
| 本條目屬於 |
| 美利堅合眾國憲法 |
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| 序言和正文 |
| 修正案 |
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| 歷史 |
| 全文 |
《美利堅合眾國憲法》第二修正案（英語：Second Amendment to the United States Constitution）簡稱「第二修正案」（Amendment II），是美國權利法案之一，於1791年12月15日正式通過。它保障了美國持槍權，亦即公民享有正當防衛的公民權利[1][2][3][4]。
歷史
[編輯]第一批乘坐「五月花號」到達北美大陸的歐洲移民正是依靠槍械等武器才得以在這片土地上落地生根，在猛獸和印第安人的包圍中，武器成為每個人安身立命的工具。此後，北美十三州逐漸成形，因為沒有常備的官兵，移民們只能以槍械自衛，州政府也逐漸介入到武器管理中，部分州政府甚至會對沒有武器的居民進行處罰。隨著獨立戰爭的打響，民兵的影響力進一步擴大，正是這些擁有武器的民兵和英軍作戰8年，並成功贏得獨立戰爭。建國後，當1789年美國憲法的「權利法案」由國會議員提出時，「持有和攜帶武器」的權利被自然而然的寫入其中，並於1791年被批准正式生效。為了限制強勢的專制政府，防止政府權力膨脹進而侵犯公民權力，賦予公民反抗的武器，也是這條法案重要內在精神，俗謂「槍權天授」。
內容
[編輯]| “ | A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. | ” |
- 譯文：紀律良好的民兵隊伍，對於一個自由國家的安全實屬必要；人民持有和攜帶武器的權利，不得予以侵犯[5]
時任美國國務卿的托馬斯·傑斐遜認可的內容如下，與原文相比，字句相同但是斷句與部分文字大小寫不同：[6]
| “ | A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. | ” |
本條修正案的爭議在於人民（the people）是指前文的民兵（Militia），還是指所有人，也就是對只有民兵有擁槍權還是所有人都有擁槍權有疑問。據聯邦憲法法院的判例，是指後者。
爭議與解釋
[編輯]第二修正案自製定以來一直是美國憲法中最具爭議的條款之一，特別是在槍支管制議題上。
1. 個人權利觀點：認為第二修正案保證每個公民擁有和攜帶武器的個人權利，不論是否參與民兵。
2. 集體權利觀點：認為第二修正案是為了保障各州擁有組建和維持民兵的能力，因此武器權利應與民兵活動相關。
在2008年及2010年，美國聯邦最高法院分別做出了兩個與本修正案有關的指標性判決。在哥倫比亞特區訴黑勒案（District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008)）中，聯邦最高法院判決認為，第二修正案保障個人擁有槍枝的權利，不論該人是否屬於民兵皆然，[7][8]並且可以基於合法的目的使用該等武器，諸如在屋內自我防衛。在麥克唐納訴芝加哥案（McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. 3025 (2010)）中，法院判決第二修正案不僅能約束聯邦政府，對於州政府和地方政府同樣具有拘束力[9]。
參閲
[編輯]參考
[編輯]- ^ Constitutional Law. Casenotes. [2018-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-14）.
- ^ Jilson, Cal. American Government: Political Development and Institutional Change. [2018-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-13）.
- ^ Shaman, Jeffrey. After Heller: What Now for the Second Amendment. Santa Clara Law Review. [2014-01-30]. （原始內容存檔於2015-04-28）.
- ^ US Senate Annotated Constitution. [2014-01-30]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-10）.
- ^ 美國在台協會 - 權利法案 （美國憲法修正案第一至第十條）. [2018-02-18]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-17）.
- ^ A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875. memory.loc.gov. [2014-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2015-04-28）.
- ^ "The court held that the second amendment recognized an individual right to possess and carry a firearm unconnected with militia service." Pollock, Earl. The Supreme Court and American Democracy: Case Studies on Judicial Review and Public Policy. Greenwood. 2008: 423. ISBN 978-0-313-36525-6.
- ^ "held that the second amendment protects an individual's right to bear arms," Scaros, Constantinos E. Understanding the Constitution. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2010: 484. ISBN 978-0-7637-5811-0.
- ^ Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5-to-4 Ruling （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.
延伸閱讀
[編輯]- Adams, Les. The Second Amendment Primer: A Citizen's Guidebook to the History, Sources, and Authorities for the Constitutional Guarantee of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms. Birmingham, Alabama: Paladium Press. 1996.
- Adamson, Barry. Freedom of Religion, the First Amendment, and the Supreme Court. Pelican Publishing. 2008. ISBN 1-58980-520-8.
- Anderson, Casey; Horwitz, Joshua. Guns, Democracy, and the Insurrectionist Idea. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 2009. ISBN 0-472-03370-0.
- Barnett, Hilaire. Constitutional & Administrative Law. Routledge Cavendish. 2004. ISBN 1-85941-927-5.
- Bickford, Charlene; et al (編). Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America, March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1791: Correspondence: First Session, September–November 1789 17. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8018-7162-7.
- Bogus, Carl T. The Second Amendment in Law and History: Historians and Constitutional Scholars on the Right to Bear Arms. New York: The New Press. 2001. ISBN 1-56584-699-0.
- Boynton, Lindsay Oliver J. The Elizabethan Militia 1558–1638. David & Charles. 1971. ISBN 0-7153-5244-X. OCLC 8605166.
- Carter, Gregg Lee. Guns in American Society. ABC-CLIO. 2002.
- Charles, Patrick J. The Second Amendment: The Intent and Its Interpretation by the States and the Supreme Court. McFarland. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7864-4270-6.
- Cooke, Edward Francis. A Detailed Analysis of the Constitution. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2002. ISBN 0-7425-2238-5.
- Cornell, Saul. A Well-Regulated Militia – The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-514786-5.
- Cottrol, Robert. Gun Control and the Constitution: Sources and Explorations on the Second Amendment. Taylor & Francis. 1994.
- Cramer, Clayton E.; Olson, Joseph. What Did "Bear Arms" Mean in the Second Amendment?. Geo. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y. 2008, 6 (2). SSRN 1086176
. - Crooker, Constance Emerson. Gun Control and Gun Rights. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2003. ISBN 978-0-313-32174-0.
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- Dulaney, W. Marvin. Black Police in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-253-21040-2.
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. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. 1980. ISBN 0-87023-295-9. - Tucker, St. George; Blackstone, William. Blackstone's Commentaries: With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws, of the Federal Government of the United States, and of the Commonwealth of Virginia: In Five Volumes. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. 1996. ISBN 978-1-886363-15-1.
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外部連結
[編輯]
維基文庫中的相關原始文獻：United States Bill of Rights
- District of Columbia v. Heller. [2022-01-03]. （原始內容存檔於2008-07-02）.
- National Archives Scanned Image of the Bill of Rights, including the Second Amendment. October 30, 2015 [2022-01-03]. （原始內容存檔於2013-04-04）.
- 短片 Big Picture: To Keep and Bear Arms 可在互聯網檔案館自由下載
- Volokh, Eugene (編). State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions. UCLA School of Law. [April 3, 2020]. （原始內容存檔於March 5, 2020）..
