第5號小提琴協奏曲 (莫扎特)

A大調第5號小提琴協奏曲
「土耳其」
沃爾夫岡·阿馬德烏斯·莫扎特作品
作曲家（一已佚畫作的複製品，1777年）
調性	A大調
目錄號	K. 219
創作	1775年 (1775)
樂章	3
配器	小提琴、管弦樂團

A大調第5號小提琴協奏曲（K. 219）是莫扎特19歲時的作品，1775年12月完成於薩爾茨堡，有「土耳其」的別名 。

本作品是莫扎特的最後一部、也是最著名的小提琴協奏曲。它對小提琴技巧的要求為五首之冠，長度也是最長；同時，其寫作手法亦有不少獨特之處。

此外，本曲的手稿不像其他四首保存在波蘭雅蓋隆圖書館內，而在美國國會圖書館音樂分館內。

The Violin Concerto No. 5 in A major, K. 219, often referred to by the nickname "Turkish",was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1775, premiering during the Christmas season that year in Salzburg. It follows the typical fast-slow-fast musical structure.

Background

Mozart composed the majority of his concertos for string instruments from 1773 to 1779, but it is unknown for whom, or for what occasion, he wrote them. Similarly, the dating of these works is unclear. Analysis of the handwriting, papers and watermarks has proved that all five violin concertos were re-dated several times. The year of composition of the fifth concerto "1775" was scratched out and replaced by "1780", and later changed again to "1775". Mozart would not use the key of A major for a concerto again until the Piano Concerto No. 12 (K. 414).

背景

莫扎特為弦樂器譜寫的協奏曲主要完成於1773至1779年間，完成日期都不確定。對筆跡、紙張和水印的分析發現，他的五部小提琴協奏曲簽署的日期都被重寫了數次。本作品的完成年份從「1775」改為「1780」，又被改了回去。

委約人布魯勒堤不喜歡第二樂章，認為其過於「人工化」，莫扎特於是便寫了E大調慢板來遷就，作為第二樂章的替代樂章，亦只在布魯勒堤演奏時才會選用。不過同年由於布魯勒堤離任薩爾茨堡樂團的首席，E大調慢板後來便獨立出版。

莫扎特直到他的第12號鋼琴協奏曲（K.414）才再次使用A大調。

The autograph score is preserved in the Library of Congress, Washington D.C.

配器

• 獨奏小提琴
• 木管樂器：2 雙簧管
• 銅管樂器：2 圓號
• 弦樂器

結構

本作品有典型的快—慢—快樂章結構。

第一樂章

開放的快板（Allegro aperto）－慢板（Adagio）－開放的快板（Allegro aperto）

第二樂章

慢板（Adagio）

第三樂章

迴旋曲（Rondo）－小步舞曲速度（Tempo di Minuetto）

Structure

The concerto is scored for two oboes, two horns and strings.

The movements are as follows:

1. Allegro aperto – Adagio – Allegro aperto 開放的快板－慢板－開放的快板
2. Adagio 慢板
3. Rondeau – Tempo di minuetto 迴旋曲－小步舞曲速度

The aperto marking on the first movement is rare in Mozart's instrumental music (two of his piano concerti, Piano Concerto No. 6 in B♭ Major and Piano Concerto No. 8 in C Major, have this marking, as does his Oboe Concerto in C Major), but appears much more frequently in his operas. It implies that the piece should be played in a broader, more majestic way than might be indicated simply by allegro. The first movement opens with the orchestra playing the main theme, a typical Mozartian tune. The solo violin comes in with a short but sweet dolce adagio passage in A major with a simple accompaniment by the orchestra. (This is the only instance in Mozart's concerto repertoire in which an adagio interlude of this sort occurs at the first soloist entry of the concerto.，第一樂章樂隊呈示部後，小提琴先奏出一個慢板過場後才回到獨奏呈示部。) It then transitions back to the main theme with the solo violin playing a different melody on top of the orchestra. The first movement is 10–11 minutes long.

Adagio (E major)

The rondo Finale is based on a minuet theme which recurs several times. In the middle of the movement the meter changes from
to
and a section of "Turkish music" is played. This is characterised by the shift to A minor (from the original A major), and by the use of grotesque elements, such as unison chromatic crescendos, repetition of very short musical elements and col legno playing in the cellos and double basses. This section gave the concerto the nickname "The Turkish Concerto". The famous Rondo alla Turca from Mozart's piano sonata in A major features the same key and similar elements.

Mozart later composed the Adagio in E major for Violin and Orchestra, K. 261, as a substitute slow movement for this concerto.

The entire piece is about 28 minutes long.

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外部連結

• 《莫扎特第5號小提琴協奏曲》：譜子和報道（德語），《莫扎特全集》
• 莫扎特第5號小提琴協奏曲：國際樂譜典藏計劃上的樂譜