第5号小提琴协奏曲 (莫扎特)

A大调第5号小提琴协奏曲
“土耳其”
沃尔夫冈·阿马德乌斯·莫扎特作品
作曲家（一已佚画作的复制品，1777年）
调性	A大调
目录号	K. 219
创作	1775年 (1775)
乐章	3
配器	小提琴、管弦乐团

A大调第5号小提琴协奏曲（K. 219）是莫扎特19岁时的作品，1775年12月完成于萨尔茨堡，有“土耳其”的别名 。

本作品是莫扎特的最后一部、也是最著名的小提琴协奏曲。它对小提琴技巧的要求为五首之冠，长度也是最长；同时，其写作手法亦有不少独特之处。

此外，本曲的手稿不像其他四首保存在波兰雅盖隆图书馆内，而在美国国会图书馆音乐分馆内。

The Violin Concerto No. 5 in A major, K. 219, often referred to by the nickname "Turkish",was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1775, premiering during the Christmas season that year in Salzburg. It follows the typical fast-slow-fast musical structure.

Background

Mozart composed the majority of his concertos for string instruments from 1773 to 1779, but it is unknown for whom, or for what occasion, he wrote them. Similarly, the dating of these works is unclear. Analysis of the handwriting, papers and watermarks has proved that all five violin concertos were re-dated several times. The year of composition of the fifth concerto "1775" was scratched out and replaced by "1780", and later changed again to "1775". Mozart would not use the key of A major for a concerto again until the Piano Concerto No. 12 (K. 414).

背景

莫扎特为弦乐器谱写的协奏曲主要完成于1773至1779年间，完成日期都不确定。对笔迹、纸张和水印的分析发现，他的五部小提琴协奏曲签署的日期都被重写了数次。本作品的完成年份从“1775”改为“1780”，又被改了回去。

委约人布鲁勒堤不喜欢第二乐章，认为其过于“人工化”，莫扎特于是便写了E大调慢板来迁就，作为第二乐章的替代乐章，亦只在布鲁勒堤演奏时才会选用。不过同年由于布鲁勒堤离任萨尔茨堡乐团的首席，E大调慢板后来便独立出版。

莫扎特直到他的第12号钢琴协奏曲（K.414）才再次使用A大调。

The autograph score is preserved in the Library of Congress, Washington D.C.

配器

• 独奏小提琴
• 木管乐器：2 双簧管
• 铜管乐器：2 圆号
• 弦乐器

结构

本作品有典型的快—慢—快乐章结构。

第一乐章

开放的快板（Allegro aperto）－慢板（Adagio）－开放的快板（Allegro aperto）

第二乐章

慢板（Adagio）

第三乐章

回旋曲（Rondo）－小步舞曲速度（Tempo di Minuetto）

Structure

The concerto is scored for two oboes, two horns and strings.

The movements are as follows:

1. Allegro aperto – Adagio – Allegro aperto 开放的快板－慢板－开放的快板
2. Adagio 慢板
3. Rondeau – Tempo di minuetto 回旋曲－小步舞曲速度

The aperto marking on the first movement is rare in Mozart's instrumental music (two of his piano concerti, Piano Concerto No. 6 in B♭ Major and Piano Concerto No. 8 in C Major, have this marking, as does his Oboe Concerto in C Major), but appears much more frequently in his operas. It implies that the piece should be played in a broader, more majestic way than might be indicated simply by allegro. The first movement opens with the orchestra playing the main theme, a typical Mozartian tune. The solo violin comes in with a short but sweet dolce adagio passage in A major with a simple accompaniment by the orchestra. (This is the only instance in Mozart's concerto repertoire in which an adagio interlude of this sort occurs at the first soloist entry of the concerto.，第一乐章乐队呈示部后，小提琴先奏出一个慢板过场后才回到独奏呈示部。) It then transitions back to the main theme with the solo violin playing a different melody on top of the orchestra. The first movement is 10–11 minutes long.

Adagio (E major)

The rondo Finale is based on a minuet theme which recurs several times. In the middle of the movement the meter changes from
to
and a section of "Turkish music" is played. This is characterised by the shift to A minor (from the original A major), and by the use of grotesque elements, such as unison chromatic crescendos, repetition of very short musical elements and col legno playing in the cellos and double basses. This section gave the concerto the nickname "The Turkish Concerto". The famous Rondo alla Turca from Mozart's piano sonata in A major features the same key and similar elements.

Mozart later composed the Adagio in E major for Violin and Orchestra, K. 261, as a substitute slow movement for this concerto.

The entire piece is about 28 minutes long.

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外部链接

• 《莫扎特第5号小提琴协奏曲》：谱子和报道（德语），《莫扎特全集》
• 莫扎特第5号小提琴协奏曲：国际乐谱典藏计划上的乐谱