奇異豬籠草
奇異豬籠草 | |
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奇異豬籠草的上位籠 | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 維管束植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 真雙子葉植物 Eudicots |
目: | 石竹目 Caryophyllales |
科: | 豬籠草科 Nepenthaceae |
屬: | 豬籠草屬 Nepenthes |
種: | 奇異豬籠草 N. mirabilis
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二名法 | |
Nepenthes mirabilis | |
奇異豬籠草的分佈地 | |
異名 | |
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奇異豬籠草(學名:Nepenthes mirabilis)是分布最為廣泛豬籠草屬植物。[18]:61其種加詞「mirabilis」來源於拉丁文,意為「奇異的,令人驚嘆的」。其是豬籠草屬中分布最為廣泛的物種,其分布範圍覆蓋東南亞、馬來群島的主要島嶼(除開小巽他群島及菲律賓北部地區),並一直北延至中國南部,南延至澳大利亞。[1]豬籠草屬中,奇異豬籠草具有最多的變型和變種,其中最知名的為汶萊以及沙撈越特有的變種——棘口奇異豬籠草(N. mirabilis var. echinostoma),其具有極寬的唇。[2]。
奇異豬籠草的葉片和捕蟲籠質地柔軟,捕蟲籠耐久性不佳,易枯萎。在雜交中,其捕蟲籠形態與質地的性狀強勢,僅在維多利亞時代常用於育種,現已極少使用。[18]:61
部分早期中文文獻也把奇異豬籠草直接稱作豬籠草,至今仍有部分書籍沿用此稱,但已不被食蟲植物栽培者所提倡。
奇異豬籠草已被世界自然保護聯盟列入《2006年世界自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄》中,保護狀況為無危[19]。在香港,奇異豬籠草受香港法例第96章《林區及郊區條例》保護。
形態特徵
[編輯]奇異豬籠草為直立草本或攀援藤本,高0.5至2米。蓮座狀植株的葉片密集,近無柄,基部半抱莖,呈披針形,長約10厘米,邊緣呈流蘇狀。籠蔓短於葉片。攀援莖的葉片散生,具柄,呈長圓形或披針形,長10至25厘米。葉基下延,全緣或為流蘇狀,兩面常具紫紅色斑點,中脈兩側各具縱脈4至8條,籠蔓約與葉片等長,具上位籠或否。[20]
奇異豬籠草的下位籠高約2至6厘米,為狹卵形或近圓柱形,被疏柔毛和星狀毛。腹面具一對籠翼,籠翼具翼須。籠蓋基部的後方的籠蔓尾分叉,分2至8條。籠蓋為卵形或近圓形,其內表面密布近圓形的腺體。[20]
奇異豬籠草的上位籠高8至16厘米,近圓筒形,下部稍擴大,籠口處縮窄或否。被疏毛、分叉毛和星狀毛。籠翼縮小為一對隆起。唇寬約0.2寬0.4厘米,內表面上半部為蠟質區,下半部密生火山口狀腺體。籠蔓尾二叉。籠蓋為卵形或長圓形,下表面具密集的近圓形腺體。[20]捕蟲籠顏色隨產地變化極大。
奇異豬籠草的花序為總狀花序,長20至50厘米。被長柔毛,與葉對生或頂生。花梗長0.5至1.5厘米。花被片4片,紅至紫紅色,橢圓形或長圓形,背面被柔毛,腹面密被近圓形腺體。雄花的花被片長0.5至0.7厘米,雄蕊柄具花葯1輪,稍扭轉。雌花的花被片長0.4至0.5厘米。子房橢圓形,具短柄或近無柄,密被淡黃色柔毛或星狀毛。蒴果栗色,長0.5至3厘米;果爿4片,狹披針形。種子絲狀,長約1.2厘米。花期為4至11月,果期為8至12月。[20]
分布範圍
[編輯]奇異豬籠草分布廣泛,其存在於澳大利亞(約克角半島)、婆羅洲、蘇門答臘、柬埔寨、加羅林群島(帕勞及雅蒲島)、中國(廣東省、海南省[21][22]、香港、澳門及橫琴)、當特爾卡斯托群島、爪哇、老撾、路易西亞德群島、摩鹿加群島、緬甸、新幾內亞、西馬來西亞、菲律賓(迪納加特島及棉蘭老島)、蘇拉威西島、蘇門答臘島、泰國及越南。[1][18]:61[23][24][25][26][27][28][29]
此外,其也存在於許多小型島嶼中,包括巴比島、邦加島、巴尼亞群島、巴圖群島、望加麗島、恩加諾島、蘭塔島、達魯島、浮羅交怡、孟德爾島、明打威群島(北巴蓋島、西比路島、南巴蓋島)、美蘭地群島(巴東島、朗桑島、直名丁宜島)、尼亞斯島、檳榔嶼、廖內群島(林加群島、廖內島)、魯帕島[30]、塔威塔威[31],也可能存在於沃沃尼島[32]。
相關物種
[編輯]奇異豬籠草與澳大利亞特有的羅恩豬籠草(N. rowanae)和細豬籠草(N. tenax)之間存在着密切的近緣關係。
奇異豬籠草與羅恩豬籠草之間形態特徵的區別(Clarke & Kruger, 2005) | ||
形態特徵 | 奇異豬籠草 | 羅恩豬籠草 |
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葉片形態 | 急尖至圓形 | 葉尖縮小,籠蔓處仍有延伸出來的窄細末端 |
籠蔓與葉片的銜接處 | 位於末端 | 盾形 |
籠翼 | 單一,具翼須 | 翼須呈「T」形 |
葉片質地 | 通常為紙質 | 強韌的革質 |
葉片基部 | 簡單或下延至節間距的三分之一 | 下延超過節間距的二分之一 |
捕蟲籠下部的消化腺密度 | 1600至2500個每平方厘米 | 約3600個每平方厘米 |
上位籠的籠肩位置 | 中間靠下 | 上四分之一處 |
下位籠的籠肩位置 | 下三分之一到四分之一處 | 唇下 |
在食蟲植物數據庫中,分類學家簡·斯洛爾(Jan Schlauer)將空堪達豬籠草(N. kongkandana)列為奇異豬籠草的同物異名。[33]
種下類群
[編輯]奇異豬籠草的捕蟲籠在形態和顏色方面具有非常大的可變性,同時也是豬籠草屬內存在最多同物異名的物種。[34]以下是已被描述的奇異豬籠草的變型和變種。棘口奇異豬籠草和球狀奇異豬籠草(N. mirabilis var. globosa)的命名現在被視為是無效的。[來源請求]
- Nepenthes mirabilis f. anamensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. anamensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. biflora J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma (Hook.f.) Hort.Slack ex J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa M.Catal. (2010)[35]
- Nepenthes mirabilis f. simensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. simensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
- Nepenthes mirabilis f. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Westphal (2000)
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985)
棘口奇異豬籠草
[編輯]棘口奇異豬籠草僅存在於婆羅洲西部。其生長勢與對環境的適應性不如原變型。[18]:771865年,奧多阿多·貝卡利發現了棘口奇異豬籠草。1873年,約瑟夫·道爾頓·胡克將其描述為一個物種——棘口豬籠草(N. echinostoma)。[36]1882年,弗雷德里克·威廉·伯比奇在他的著作《園丁紀事》中對其進行了描述。[注 2][36][37]
棘口奇異豬籠草是唯一存在於文萊的奇異豬籠草變型。它還存在於沙撈越,但尚未在沙巴發現。[36]
球狀奇異豬籠草
[編輯]球狀奇異豬籠草存在於攀牙府附近安達曼海上的一個為未公開島嶼及泰國董里市附近。[1][35]
其分類曾存在爭議,一部分人認為其為獨立物種,另一部分人則認為其是一個自然雜交種。[18]:72該變種最早出現於2006年1月的《食蟲植物研究會雜誌》封面上,其被標註為「Nepenthes sp. from Thailand」。[38]球狀豬籠草(N. globosa)一詞最早出現在倉田重夫一篇刊登於2007年7月《食蟲植物研究會雜誌》的文章中。[15]同期,多田雅宏也發表了一篇文章,將該類群描述為海盜豬籠草(N. sp. viking)。[17]在馬爾切洛·卡塔拉諾的描述發表前,該類群在斯圖爾特·麥克弗森2009的專著《舊大陸的豬籠草》中也被稱為攀牙豬籠草(Nepenthes sp. Phanga Nga)。[1]
在園藝貿易中,該變種常被稱為球狀豬籠草和海盜豬籠草。[1][39]其被稱為海盜豬籠草,是因為其捕蟲籠類似於海盜船的船頭。[40]
共生生物
[編輯]已在奇異豬籠草的捕蟲籠中發現了大量的共生生物。包括分布於澳大利亞的奇異豬籠草捕蟲籠中的巴布亞麻蠅(Sarcophaga papuensis)和瓦氏豬籠草蟎(Nepenthacarus warreni)。[41][42]此外,在帛琉和雅蒲島的奇異豬籠草捕蟲籠中分別發現於兩種伊蚊(Aedes dybasi和Aedes maehleri)。[43]這些昆蟲都具有特殊的生活史和與此習性相關的形態特徵。[44][45]
存在於泰國奇異豬籠草捕蟲籠中的奇異線蟲(Baujardia mirabilis)已被描述。在奇異豬籠草的捕蟲籠中發現這種線蟲並不是一個偶然;其捕蟲籠已成為了奇異線蟲的天然棲息地。孑孓和奇異線蟲主導着捕蟲籠中的微生態系統。據推測,這種線蟲與一種或多種共生昆蟲間存在着攜播關係。[46]
在中國南部,曾觀察到樹蛙在奇異豬籠草的捕蟲籠中棲息。這些樹蛙並不是豬籠草的獵物,而會在捕食豬籠草內捕食昆蟲。[47]它們不受強酸性的消化液的影響(其pH值可低至2),可能是由於其具有皮膚表面粘液的隔離。[48]
在澳大利亞賈丁河沿岸生長的奇異豬籠草,在其捕蟲籠中發現了一種特殊的水生真菌。其菌絲自由生活於消化液中,或附着於捕蟲籠內昆蟲的幾丁質外殼上。[49][50]
此外,還發現奇異豬籠草的捕蟲籠中存在着一個極其複雜的細菌群落。[51]
自然雜交種
[編輯]奇異豬籠草是豬籠草屬中已知自然雜交種最多的物種。以下是已發現的奇異豬籠草的自然雜交種。[1]
- ? (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × tsangoya][52]
- N. alata × N. mirabilis [=N. × mirabilata][3][53]
- N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=N. × kuchingensis, Nepenthes cutinensis][2]
- ? (N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis][54]
- N. andamana × N. mirabilis[55](包括N. andamana × N. mirabilis var. globosa)[55]
- N. benstonei × N. mirabilis[4]
- N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis[1](包括N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma)[2]
- ? (N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma[2]
- N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?][1][2][56]
- N. insignis × N. mirabilis[57]
- N. kampotiana × N. mirabilis[55]
- N. kongkandana × N. mirabilis[55]
- N. merrilliana × N. mirabilis[1]
- N. mirabilis × N. northiana[58][59]
- N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana[2](包括N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana)[18]:87[59]
- N. mirabilis × N. reinwardtiana[59]
- N. mirabilis × N. rowanae[60]
- N. mirabilis × N. smilesii[61]
- N. mirabilis × N. spathulata[4]
- N. mirabilis × N. sumatrana[1]
- N. mirabilis × N. tenax[1]
- ? N. mirabilis × N. thorelii[62][63][64]
- N. mirabilis × N. tomoriana[1]
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本斯通豬籠草與奇異豬籠草的自然雜交種
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沙禮花-哈薩豬籠草
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奇異豬籠草與諾斯豬籠草的自然雜交種
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奇異豬籠草與萊佛士豬籠草的自然雜交種
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棘口奇異豬籠草與萊佛士豬籠草的自然雜交種
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奇異豬籠草與蘇門答臘豬籠草的自然雜交種
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?奇異豬籠草與高棉豬籠草的自然雜交種
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?奇異豬籠草與托莫里豬籠草的自然雜交種
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奇異豬籠草的雄花
利用價值
[編輯]主要作為觀賞植物栽培,原變種在維多利亞時代常用於育種,引起捕蟲籠壽命較短已經較少使用,但是球狀奇異豬籠草目前仍然被廣泛運用於豬籠草的培育,它可以給後代提供矮胖的籠形。
在中醫學中,奇異豬籠草也被作為一種藥材,具有「行水,解毒。治肺燥咳嗽,蟲咬傷」等功效[65]。
在廣東的部分地區,奇異豬籠草的葉片和花序在乾燥後也可以用於泡茶[66]。
據馬修·傑布及馬丁·奇克所指,新幾內亞以奇異豬籠草的捕蟲籠作陰莖護套。
注釋
[編輯]- ^ 若昂·德理路在1790年將奇異豬籠草最先描述為Phyllamphora mirabilis。1805年,卡爾·路德維希·韋爾登諾將其移至豬籠草屬下,並錯誤的組成為Nepenthes phyllamphora。大部分文獻都顯示[1][2][3][4][5],喬治·克拉里奇·德魯斯於1916年最先發表了正確的二名學名Nepenthes mirabilis[6],但在食蟲植物數據庫中,簡·斯洛爾(Jan Schlauer)將最早發表者注為1869年的Rafarin[7]。
- ^ 弗雷德里克·威廉·伯比奇在他的著作《園丁紀事》中的原文:[36][37]
“ Beccari's singular N. echinostoma (vide Herb. Kew) is a wonderful thing, as yet unintroduced—indeed, I suppose unseen by any save Beccari ! The mouths of the urns remind one of the deflexed teeth of some gigantic moss of the Hypnoid section. ”
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
- ^ Druce, G. 1916. Nepenthes mirabilis. In: Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles Report 4: 637.
- ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes mirabilis. Carnivorous Plant Database.
- ^ Danser, B.H. 1928. 1. Nepenthes alata Blanco (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). [pp. 258–262] In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
- ^ Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany, published online on August 22, 2013. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x
- ^ Clarke, C. & C.C. Lee 2012. A revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 64(1): 33–49.
- ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes alata (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). Carnivorous Plant Database.
- ^ Bailey, F.M. 1881. On a new species of Nepenthes (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 5: 185–187.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 (拉丁文) Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 (拉丁文) Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
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- Nepenthes of Peninsula Malaysia (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) by Stewart McPherson
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