确认偏误
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确认偏误（或称确认偏差、证实偏差、肯证偏误、验证偏误、验证性偏见、我方偏见，英语：Confirmation bias）[1]是个人选择性地回忆、搜集有利细节，忽略不利或矛盾的资讯，来支持自己已有的想法或假设的趋势[2][3][4]，属于认知偏误的其中一类以及归纳推理中的一个系统性错误。当人们选择性收集或回忆信息时，又或带有偏见地解读信息时，他们便展现了确认偏误。
这种偏见尤其显见于带有强烈情绪的问题和传统观念上。例如，人们面对情伤，大多难以割舍，会在反复的情绪中来回摆荡挣扎，过程中不断回顾并对自己给予合理的解释与交代，直到身心得到平衡安顿为止。
不可挑战的信仰
[编辑]回顾与重新认知的过程会建构一个新的认知事实，面对挑战时信仰反而再强化，它受到个人价值观、家人或传统社会的压力、或宗教信仰等批判或趋避的影响，而倾向采取对自己较为有利的说法或选择性的认知，以合理化整个事件，进而化解外部压力并获得身心上的平衡。例如说主张某宗教团体是邪教的人将该宗教经典中一些荒诞迷信的内容，及该团体一些信徒像是不顾配偶反对携带自家小孩参加宗教活动等偏激的行为，给当成该团体是邪教的证据，却忽略宗教经典的内容或部分信徒偏激的个人行为，与一个团体是否是邪教未必相关；或者相信算命的人听到命理师讲的话之后，就采信命理师的话，并把自己过去发生的事情当中，和命理师讲述的相似的部分，给当成算命准确的证据；又例如当谈及枪枝管制问题时，人们常偏好支持自己原立场，观点，也倾向将模棱两可的事实做有利于自己的解释。
偏见的搜索、理解和回忆，常被用来说明态度极化（即使争论双方都依附于相同的根据，争执仍变得极端）、信念固著（在反证出现后依然坚信原有看法）、非理性首因效应（即强烈的“先入为主”效应）及错觉相关（对二件偶然事件做无根据的连结的倾向）等现象。
参见
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注脚
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Nickerson 1998，第175–220页
- ^ Plous 1993，第233页
- ^ 郑丽玉. 心理學. 五南图书出版股份有限公司. 2006: 283– [2013-01-17]. ISBN 978-957-11-4381-1.
- ^ Plous, Scott, The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making: 233, 1993
参考文献
[编辑]- Baron, Jonathan, Thinking and deciding 3rd, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-65030-5, OCLC 316403966
- Cordelia Fine, A Mind of its Own: how your brain distorts and deceives, Cambridge, UK: Icon books, 2006, ISBN 1-84046-678-2, OCLC 60668289
- Friedrich, James, Primary error detection and minimization (PEDMIN) strategies in social cognition: a reinterpretation of confirmation bias phenomena, Psychological Review (American Psychological Association), 1993, 100 (2): 298–319, ISSN 0033-295X, PMID 8483985, doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.2.298
- Ben Goldacre, Bad Science, London: Fourth Estate, 2008, ISBN 978-0-00-724019-7, OCLC 259713114
- Hergovich, Andreas; Schott, Reinhard; Burger, Christoph, Biased Evaluation of Abstracts Depending on Topic and Conclusion: Further Evidence of a Confirmation Bias Within Scientific Psychology, Current Psychology, 2010, 29 (3): 188–209, doi:10.1007/s12144-010-9087-5
- Horrobin, David F., The philosophical basis of peer review and the suppression of innovation, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1990, 263 (10): 1438–41, PMID 2304222, doi:10.1001/jama.263.10.1438
- Kida, Thomas E., Don't believe everything you think: the 6 basic mistakes we make in thinking, Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 2006, ISBN 978-1-59102-408-8, OCLC 63297791
- Koehler, Jonathan J., The influence of prior beliefs on scientific judgments of evidence quality, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1993, 56: 28–55, doi:10.1006/obhd.1993.1044
- Ziva Kunda, Social Cognition: Making Sense of People, MIT Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-262-61143-5, OCLC 40618974
- Lewicka, Maria, Confirmation Bias: Cognitive Error or Adaptive Strategy of Action Control?, Kofta, Mirosław; Weary, Gifford; Sedek, Grzegorz (编), Personal control in action: cognitive and motivational mechanisms, Springer: 233–55, 1998, ISBN 978-0-306-45720-3, OCLC 39002877
- MacCoun, Robert J., Biases in the interpretation and use of research results (PDF), Annual Review of Psychology, 1998, 49: 259–87 [2011-02-03], PMID 15012470, doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.259, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-06-22）
- Mahoney, Michael J., Publication prejudices: an experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1977, 1 (2): 161–75, doi:10.1007/BF01173636
- Raymond S. Nickerson, Confirmation Bias; A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises, Review of General Psychology (Educational Publishing Foundation), 1998, 2 (2): 175–220, ISSN 1089-2680, doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175
- Oswald, Margit E.; Grosjean, Stefan, Confirmation Bias, Pohl, Rüdiger F. (编), Cognitive Illusions: A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking, Judgement and Memory, Hove, UK: Psychology Press: 79–96, 2004, ISBN 978-1-84169-351-4, OCLC 55124398
- Scott Plous, The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making, McGraw-Hill, 1993, ISBN 978-0-07-050477-6, OCLC 26931106
- Poletiek, Fenna, Hypothesis-testing behaviour, Hove, UK: Psychology Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-84169-159-6, OCLC 44683470
- Risen, Jane; Gilovich, Thomas, Informal Logical Fallacies, Sternberg, Robert J.; Roediger III, Henry L.; Halpern, Diane F. (编), Critical Thinking in Psychology, Cambridge University Press: 110–30, 2007, ISBN 978-0-521-60834-3, OCLC 69423179
- Vyse, Stuart A., Believing in magic: The psychology of superstition, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-513634-9, OCLC 35025826
外部链接
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| 认知与决策偏误 |
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| 统计与机率偏误 | |
| 其他偏误 | |
| 应对方法 | |
