全氟和多氟烷基物质
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全氟和多氟烷基物质，据其英文（Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances）常简称为PFAS[1]或PFASs[2]，是一类烷基链上附著多个氟原子的合成有机氟化合物。根据PubChem数据库，这类化合物多达七百万种。[3]自1938年特氟龙问世以来，PFAS被人类广泛应用于生产可耐热、抗污、防油、疏水的氟聚合物涂料等产品中。如今，此类材料被广泛用以制造多种商品，包括尼龙、瑜伽裤、地毯等防水织物，洗发水、女性生理用品、手机屏幕、墙漆、家具、黏合剂、食品包装、[4]特氟龙等耐高温不沾表面、[5]灭火泡沫，以及电线绝缘材料等等。[6][7][8]PFAS亦见于多种美妆与护理产品之中，包括口红、眼线、睫毛膏、粉底、遮瑕、润唇膏、胭脂，以及美甲产品。[9][10]
许多全氟和多氟烷基物质，例如全氟辛基磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛酸（PFOA），作为持久性有机污染物，对人类健康和环境造成了严重威胁。《华盛顿邮报》2018年的一篇文章将它们称为“永久化学品”。[11]有机化学中，碳-氟键是已知最强单键之一，因而一些PFAS的半衰期超过八年。[12][13][14][15][16]这些物质可以在土壤中迁移，并在鱼类和野生动物体内积聚，最终通过食物链进入人体。目前，PFAS残留物已普遍存在于雨水、饮用水和废水中。[12][17][18][7]此类化合物因其高度流动性，容易经由皮肤和鼻泪管被人体吸收，人类亦或通过唇部用品无意间摄食PFAS。[19]这类物质种类繁多，不同物质对人类健康和环境的构成不同的潜在风险，相关评估与研究正在进行当中。[20][12][21][22][6]
接触全氟和多氟烷基物质或导致多种健康问题。一些PFAS已被认定为致癌物或内分泌干扰物，与肾癌、前列腺癌、睾丸癌、溃疡性结肠炎、甲状腺疾病等多种疾病相关，并可损害生育能力，引发荷尔蒙失调，增加次优抗体反应/免疫力下降的风险。妊娠期高血压、婴儿和胎儿生长发育迟缓、肥胖、血脂异常（胆固醇水平畸高），也都是部份PFAS可能导致的情形。[6][23][24]
定义
[编辑]在早期定义下，此类物质至少须包含一个全氟烷基。2021年，经合组织扩大了PFAS的内涵，对其作如下定义：
根据此定义，最简单的PFAS是四氟化碳，[26]而四氟乙烯（无全氟甲基或全氟亚甲基）、二氟甲烷、氟仿（有氢原子与唯一的碳原子相连）等不属于PFAS。[25]
含氟表面活性剂
[编辑]含氟表面活性剂，或氟化表面活性剂，是全氟和多氟烷基物质的一类。它们具有疏水的氟化“尾部”和亲水的“头部”，表现出表面活性剂的特性。它们包括全氟磺酸，如全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）；和全氟羧酸，如全氟辛酸（PFOA）。与其他表面活性剂一样，氟化表面活性剂倾向于集中在相界面。
与烃类表面活性剂（疏水的碳链上连接氢原子）相比，氟化表面活性剂能更有效地降低水的表面张力。含氟表面活性剂拥有比烃类表面活性剂更强的疏油性：前者较后者拥有更弱的伦敦分散力，这是由于氟元素具有较高的电负性和较短的键长，从而降低了表面活性剂分子中含氟部分的可极化性。此外，碳-氟键的稳定也使得含氟表面活性剂的稳定性更为优越。以上的优势也意味著氟化表面活性剂在环境中更难分解而持久存在。
全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）和全氟壬酸（PFNA）等氟化表面活性剂，因其毒性、持久性，以及在大众血液中的普遍存在，已引起各国监管机构关注。
分类
[编辑]以下清单仅涵盖部份全氟和多氟烷基物质群组，并不完整[27][28]：
| 全氟和多氟烷基物质 |
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| PFASs |
注释
[编辑]- ^ 须澄清的是，若某化合物已经含有完全氟化的甲基或亚甲基碳原子，且该原子不与氢/氯/溴/碘原子相连，其他碳原子则可以与此四种原子相连，如氯代多氟醚基磺酸（）、五氟碘乙烷（）等。[25]
- ^ 原文：PFAS are defined as fluorinated substances that contain at least one fully fluorinated methyl or methylene carbon atom (without any H/Cl/Br/I atom attached to it), i.e., with a few noted exceptions, any chemical with at least a perfluorinated methyl group (−CF3) or a perfluorinated methylene group (−CF2−) is a PFAS.
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). 30 March 2016.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Reconciling Terminology of the Universe of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Recommendations and Practical Guidance. OECD Series on Risk Management of Chemicals. 经济合作暨发展组织. 2021: 23. ISBN 978-92-64-51128-6. doi:10.1787/e458e796-en （英语）.
- ^ Schymanski, Emma L.; Zhang, Jian; Thiessen, Paul A.; Chirsir, Parviel; Kondic, Todor; Bolton, Evan E. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in PubChem: 7 Million and Growing. Environmental Science & Technology (American Chemical Society). October 23, 2023, 57 (44): 16918–16928. Bibcode:2023EnST...5716918S. PMC 10634333
. PMID 37871188. doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c04855.
- ^ 警惕食品包装中的“氟”. 合肥海关. 2020-09-19 （中文）.
- ^ Bagenstose, Kyle. What are PFAS? A guide to understanding chemicals behind nonstick pans, cancer fears. USA TODAY. March 7, 2022.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 PFAS Explained. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 30 March 2016.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 KLUGER, JEFFREY. All The Stuff in Your Home That Might Contain PFAS 'Forever Chemicals'. Time. May 19, 2023.
- ^ PFAS and Your Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 17 January 2024 [12 December 2024].
- ^ Perkins, Tom. Toxic 'forever chemicals' widespread in top makeup brands, study finds. The Guardian. June 15, 2021. （原始内容存档于July 7, 2021）.
- ^ Whitehead HD, Venier M, Wu Y, Eastman E, Urbanik S, Diamond ML, Shalin A, Schwartz-Narbonne H, Bruton TA, Blum A, Wang Z. Fluorinated Compounds in North American Cosmetics. Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 15 June 2021, 8 (7): 538–544. doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00240.
- ^ Opinion: These toxic chemicals are everywhere — even in your body. And they won't ever go away. The Washington Post. January 2, 2018. ISSN 0190-8286. （原始内容存档于May 9, 2019）.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS) Factsheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 January 2024.
- ^ Buck RC, Franklin J, Berger U, Conder JM, Cousins IT, de Voogt P, et al. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. October 2011, 7 (4): 513–541. Bibcode:2011IEAM....7..513B. PMC 3214619 . PMID 21793199. doi:10.1002/ieam.258.
- ^ Turkewitz J. Toxic 'Forever Chemicals' in Drinking Water Leave Military Families Reeling
. The New York Times. February 22, 2019. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于June 8, 2019）.
- ^ Kounang, Nadia. FDA confirms PFAS chemicals are in the US food supply. CNN. June 3, 2019. （原始内容存档于June 8, 2019）.
- ^ Companies deny responsibility for toxic 'forever chemicals' contamination. The Guardian. September 11, 2019. （原始内容存档于September 11, 2019）.
- ^ Munoz G, Budzinski H, Babut M, Drouineau H, Lauzent M, Menach KL, et al. Evidence for the Trophic Transfer of Perfluoroalkylated Substances in a Temperate Macrotidal Estuary (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. August 2017, 51 (15): 8450–8459. Bibcode:2017EnST...51.8450M. PMID 28679050. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b02399.
- ^ Elton, Charlotte. 'Frightening' scale of Europe's forever chemical pollution revealed. Euronews. February 24, 2023.
- ^ Toxic 'Forever Chemicals' Widespread in Top Makeup Brands, Study Finds; Researchers Find Signs of PFAS in over Half of 231 Samples of Products Including Lipstick, Mascara and Foundation. The Guardian. UK. 15 June 2021. （原始内容存档于June 26, 2021）.
- ^ Our Current Understanding of the Human Health and Environmental Risks of PFAS. June 7, 2023.
- ^ Emerging chemical risks in Europe — 'PFAS'. European Environment Agency. December 12, 2019.
- ^ Some Chemicals Used as Solvents and in Polymer Manufacture. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 110. 2016. （原始内容存档于March 24, 2020）.
- ^ New Report Calls for Expanded PFAS Testing for People With History of Elevated Exposure, Offers Advice for Clinical Treatment (新闻稿). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. July 28, 2022.
- ^ Zahm S, Bonde JP, Chiu WA, Hoppin J, Kanno J, Abdallah M, et al. Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. The Lancet. November 2023, 25 (1): 16–17. PMID 38043561. S2CID 265571186. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00622-8.
- ^ 25.0 25.1 Zhanyun Wang; Andreas M. Buser; Ian T. Cousins; Silvia Demattio; Wiebke Drost; Olof Johansson; Koichi Ohno; Grace Patlewicz; Ann M. Richard; Glen W. Walker; Graham S. White; and Eeva Leinala. A New OECD Definition for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. 环境科学与技术. 2021-11-09, 55 (23) [2025-01-01] （英语）.
- ^ PFAS – Nomenclature. Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists. 2022-08-10 [2025-01-01] （英语）.
Under this definition, the simplest PFAS is tetrafluoromethane (CF4),...
- ^ Multi-Industry Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Study. 2021 Preliminary Report (PDF) (报告). 美国国家环境保护局: 3-2. 2021 （英语）.
- ^ Technical/Regulatory Guidance: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PDF) (报告). 美国州际环境技术与规则委员会: 22. 2023 （英语）.
