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全氟和多氟烷基物質

维基百科,自由的百科全书

全氟和多氟烷基物質,據其英文(Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances)常簡稱為PFAS[1]PFASs[2],是一類烷基鏈上附著多個氟原子的合成有机氟化合物。根據PubChem數據庫,這類化合物多達七百萬種。[3]自1938年特氟龍問世以來,PFAS被人類廣泛應用於生產可耐熱、抗污、防油、疏水的氟聚合物塗料等產品中。如今,此類材料被廣泛用以製造多種商品,包括尼龍瑜伽褲、地毯等防水織物,洗髮水、女性生理用品、手機屏幕、牆漆、家具、黏合劑、食品包裝、[4]特氟龍等耐高溫不沾表面、[5]滅火泡沫,以及電線絕緣材料等等。[6][7][8]PFAS亦見於多種美妝與護理產品之中,包括口紅眼線睫毛膏粉底遮瑕潤唇膏胭脂,以及美甲產品[9][10]

許多全氟和多氟烷基物質,例如全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA),作為持久性有機污染物,對人類健康和環境造成了嚴重威脅。《華盛頓郵報》2018年的一篇文章將它們稱為「永久化學品」。[11]有機化學中,碳-氟键是已知最強單鍵之一,因而一些PFAS的半衰期超過八年。[12][13][14][15][16]這些物質可以在土壤中遷移,並在魚類和野生動物體內積聚,最終通過食物鏈進入人體。目前,PFAS殘留物英语Residue (chemistry)已普遍存在於雨水、飲用水和廢水中。[12][17][18][7]此類化合物因其高度流動性,容易經由皮膚和鼻淚管英语Nasolacrimal duct被人體吸收,人類亦或通過唇部用品無意間攝食PFAS。[19]這類物質種類繁多,不同物質對人類健康和環境的構成不同的潛在風險,相關評估與研究正在進行當中。[20][12][21][22][6]

接觸全氟和多氟烷基物質或導致多種健康問題。一些PFAS已被認定為致癌物內分泌干擾物,與腎癌前列腺癌睪丸癌溃疡性结肠炎甲狀腺疾病等多種疾病相關,並可損害生育能力,引發荷爾蒙失調,增加次優抗體反應/免疫力下降的風險。妊娠期高血壓、嬰兒和胎兒生長髮育遲緩、肥胖、血脂異常(膽固醇水平畸高),也都是部份PFAS可能導致的情形。[6][23][24]

定義

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在早期定義下,此類物質至少須包含一個全氟烷基。2021年,經合組織擴大了PFAS的內涵,對其作如下定義:

含有至少一個完全氟化的甲基亞甲基原子(它不與任何///原子相連[i])的氟化物質,即除了少數明顯的例外情況,任何含有至少一個全氟甲基(−CF3)或全氟亞甲基(−CF2−)的化學物質都是全氟和多氟烷基物質。[ii][2]

根據此定義,最簡單的PFAS是四氟化碳[26]四氟乙烯(無全氟甲基或全氟亞甲基)、二氟甲烷氟仿(有氫原子與唯一的碳原子相連)等不屬於PFAS。[25]

含氟表面活性劑

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分類

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以下清單僅涵蓋部份全氟和多氟烷基物質群組,並不完整[27][28]

全氟和多氟烷基物质
非聚合物
全氟烷基物質

全氟烷烴 四氟化碳(全氟甲烷)、六氟乙烷

全氟烷基酸
全氟羧酸

三氟乙酸

五氟丙酸

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PFCAs

三氟甲磺酸

全氟己烷磺酸

全氟辛烷磺酸

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PFSAs
PFAAs
全氟烷基醚酸

全氟烷基醚羧酸德语Perfluoralkylethercarbonsäuren

全氟烷基醚磺羧酸德语Perfluoralkylethersulfonsäuren

PFEAs

全氟烷磺酰氟(PASFs)全氟辛基磺酰氟英语Perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride

全氟烷磺酰胺(FASAs)全氟辛基磺酰胺

全氟烷酰基氟(PFAs)三氟乙酰氟七氟丁酰氟九氟戊酰氟

全氟烷基碘化物(PFAIs)五氟碘乙烷全氟己基碘

全氟烷基醛(PFALs)三氟乙醛五氟丙醛

多氟烷基物質

含有氟调聚物英语Fluorotelomer 含氟调聚物醇英语Fluorotelomer alcohol(FTOHs)

多氟烷磺酰胺物質 雙(三氟甲基磺酰)胺

多氟烷基醚酸 六氟環氧丙烷二聚體

氯代多氟烷基醚酸 氯代多氟醚基磺酸

氯代多氟烷基酸

多氟烷基羧酸

聚合物

含氟聚合物 如「特氟龍」聚四氟乙烯聚偏二氟乙烯

全氟聚醚英语Perfluoropolyether

側鏈氟化聚合物德语Seitenketten-fluorierte Polymere

PFASs

注释

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  1. ^ 須澄清的是,若某化合物已經含有完全氟化的甲基或亞甲基碳原子,且該原子不與氫/氯/溴/碘原子相連,其他碳原子則可以與此四種原子相連,如氯代多氟醚基磺酸()、五氟碘乙烷)等。[25]
  2. ^ 原文:PFAS are defined as fluorinated substances that contain at least one fully fluorinated methyl or methylene carbon atom (without any H/Cl/Br/I atom attached to it), i.e., with a few noted exceptions, any chemical with at least a perfluorinated methyl group (−CF3) or a perfluorinated methylene group (−CF2−) is a PFAS.

參考文獻

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  1. ^ Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). 30 March 2016. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Reconciling Terminology of the Universe of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Recommendations and Practical Guidance. OECD Series on Risk Management of Chemicals. 經濟合作暨發展組織. 2021: 23. ISBN 978-92-64-51128-6. doi:10.1787/e458e796-en (英语). 
  3. ^ Schymanski, Emma L.; Zhang, Jian; Thiessen, Paul A.; Chirsir, Parviel; Kondic, Todor; Bolton, Evan E. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in PubChem: 7 Million and Growing. Environmental Science & Technology (American Chemical Society). October 23, 2023, 57 (44): 16918–16928. Bibcode:2023EnST...5716918S. PMC 10634333可免费查阅. PMID 37871188. doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c04855. 
  4. ^ 警惕食品包装中的“氟”. 合肥海關. 2020-09-19 (中文). 
  5. ^ Bagenstose, Kyle. What are PFAS? A guide to understanding chemicals behind nonstick pans, cancer fears. USA TODAY. March 7, 2022. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 PFAS Explained. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 30 March 2016. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 KLUGER, JEFFREY. All The Stuff in Your Home That Might Contain PFAS 'Forever Chemicals'. Time. May 19, 2023. 
  8. ^ PFAS and Your Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 17 January 2024 [12 December 2024]. 
  9. ^ Perkins, Tom. Toxic 'forever chemicals' widespread in top makeup brands, study finds. The Guardian. June 15, 2021. (原始内容存档于July 7, 2021). 
  10. ^ Whitehead HD, Venier M, Wu Y, Eastman E, Urbanik S, Diamond ML, Shalin A, Schwartz-Narbonne H, Bruton TA, Blum A, Wang Z. Fluorinated Compounds in North American Cosmetics. Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 15 June 2021, 8 (7): 538–544. doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00240. 
  11. ^ Opinion: These toxic chemicals are everywhere — even in your body. And they won't ever go away. The Washington Post. January 2, 2018. ISSN 0190-8286. (原始内容存档于May 9, 2019). 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS) Factsheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 January 2024. 
  13. ^ Buck RC, Franklin J, Berger U, Conder JM, Cousins IT, de Voogt P, et al. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. October 2011, 7 (4): 513–541. Bibcode:2011IEAM....7..513B. PMC 3214619可免费查阅. PMID 21793199. doi:10.1002/ieam.258. 
  14. ^ Turkewitz J. Toxic 'Forever Chemicals' in Drinking Water Leave Military Families Reeling有限度免费查阅,超限则需付费订阅. The New York Times. February 22, 2019. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于June 8, 2019). 
  15. ^ Kounang, Nadia. FDA confirms PFAS chemicals are in the US food supply. CNN. June 3, 2019. (原始内容存档于June 8, 2019). 
  16. ^ Companies deny responsibility for toxic 'forever chemicals' contamination. The Guardian. September 11, 2019. (原始内容存档于September 11, 2019). 
  17. ^ Munoz G, Budzinski H, Babut M, Drouineau H, Lauzent M, Menach KL, et al. Evidence for the Trophic Transfer of Perfluoroalkylated Substances in a Temperate Macrotidal Estuary (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. August 2017, 51 (15): 8450–8459. Bibcode:2017EnST...51.8450M. PMID 28679050. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b02399. 
  18. ^ Elton, Charlotte. 'Frightening' scale of Europe's forever chemical pollution revealed. Euronews. February 24, 2023. 
  19. ^ Toxic 'Forever Chemicals' Widespread in Top Makeup Brands, Study Finds; Researchers Find Signs of PFAS in over Half of 231 Samples of Products Including Lipstick, Mascara and Foundation. The Guardian. UK. 15 June 2021. (原始内容存档于June 26, 2021). 
  20. ^ Our Current Understanding of the Human Health and Environmental Risks of PFAS. June 7, 2023. 
  21. ^ Emerging chemical risks in Europe — 'PFAS'. European Environment Agency. December 12, 2019. 
  22. ^ Some Chemicals Used as Solvents and in Polymer Manufacture. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 110. 2016. (原始内容存档于March 24, 2020). 
  23. ^ New Report Calls for Expanded PFAS Testing for People With History of Elevated Exposure, Offers Advice for Clinical Treatment (新闻稿). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. July 28, 2022. 
  24. ^ Zahm S, Bonde JP, Chiu WA, Hoppin J, Kanno J, Abdallah M, et al. Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. The Lancet. November 2023, 25 (1): 16–17. PMID 38043561. S2CID 265571186. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00622-8. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Zhanyun Wang; Andreas M. Buser; Ian T. Cousins; Silvia Demattio; Wiebke Drost; Olof Johansson; Koichi Ohno; Grace Patlewicz; Ann M. Richard; Glen W. Walker; Graham S. White; and Eeva Leinala. A New OECD Definition for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. 環境科學與技術英语Environmental Science & Technology. 2021-11-09, 55 (23) [2025-01-01] (英语). 
  26. ^ PFAS – Nomenclature. Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists. 2022-08-10 [2025-01-01] (英语). Under this definition, the simplest PFAS is tetrafluoromethane (CF4),... 
  27. ^ Multi-Industry Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Study. 2021 Preliminary Report (PDF) (报告). 美國國家環境保護局: 3-2. 2021 (英语). 
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