全氟和多氟烷基物質
全氟和多氟烷基物質,據其英文(Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances)常簡稱為PFAS[1]或PFASs[2],是一類烷基鏈上附著多個氟原子的合成有机氟化合物。根據PubChem數據庫,這類化合物多達七百萬種。[3]自1938年特氟龍問世以來,PFAS被人類廣泛應用於生產可耐熱、抗污、防油、疏水的氟聚合物塗料等產品中。如今,此類材料被廣泛用以製造多種商品,包括尼龍、瑜伽褲、地毯等防水織物,洗髮水、女性生理用品、手機屏幕、牆漆、家具、黏合劑、食品包裝、[4]特氟龍等耐高溫不沾表面、[5]滅火泡沫,以及電線絕緣材料等等。[6][7][8]PFAS亦見於多種美妝與護理產品之中,包括口紅、眼線、睫毛膏、粉底、遮瑕、潤唇膏、胭脂,以及美甲產品。[9][10]
許多全氟和多氟烷基物質,例如全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA),作為持久性有機污染物,對人類健康和環境造成了嚴重威脅。《華盛頓郵報》2018年的一篇文章將它們稱為「永久化學品」。[11]有機化學中,碳-氟键是已知最強單鍵之一,因而一些PFAS的半衰期超過八年。[12][13][14][15][16]這些物質可以在土壤中遷移,並在魚類和野生動物體內積聚,最終通過食物鏈進入人體。目前,PFAS殘留物已普遍存在於雨水、飲用水和廢水中。[12][17][18][7]此類化合物因其高度流動性,容易經由皮膚和鼻淚管被人體吸收,人類亦或通過唇部用品無意間攝食PFAS。[19]這類物質種類繁多,不同物質對人類健康和環境的構成不同的潛在風險,相關評估與研究正在進行當中。[20][12][21][22][6]
接觸全氟和多氟烷基物質或導致多種健康問題。一些PFAS已被認定為致癌物或內分泌干擾物,與腎癌、前列腺癌、睪丸癌、溃疡性结肠炎、甲狀腺疾病等多種疾病相關,並可損害生育能力,引發荷爾蒙失調,增加次優抗體反應/免疫力下降的風險。妊娠期高血壓、嬰兒和胎兒生長髮育遲緩、肥胖、血脂異常(膽固醇水平畸高),也都是部份PFAS可能導致的情形。[6][23][24]
定義
[编辑]在早期定義下,此類物質至少須包含一個全氟烷基。2021年,經合組織擴大了PFAS的內涵,對其作如下定義:
根據此定義,最簡單的PFAS是四氟化碳,[26]而四氟乙烯(無全氟甲基或全氟亞甲基)、二氟甲烷、氟仿(有氫原子與唯一的碳原子相連)等不屬於PFAS。[25]
含氟表面活性劑
[编辑]分類
[编辑]以下清單僅涵蓋部份全氟和多氟烷基物質群組,並不完整[27][28]:
全氟和多氟烷基物质 |
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PFASs |
注释
[编辑]- ^ 須澄清的是,若某化合物已經含有完全氟化的甲基或亞甲基碳原子,且該原子不與氫/氯/溴/碘原子相連,其他碳原子則可以與此四種原子相連,如氯代多氟醚基磺酸()、五氟碘乙烷()等。[25]
- ^ 原文:PFAS are defined as fluorinated substances that contain at least one fully fluorinated methyl or methylene carbon atom (without any H/Cl/Br/I atom attached to it), i.e., with a few noted exceptions, any chemical with at least a perfluorinated methyl group (−CF3) or a perfluorinated methylene group (−CF2−) is a PFAS.
參考文獻
[编辑]- ^ Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). 30 March 2016.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Reconciling Terminology of the Universe of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Recommendations and Practical Guidance. OECD Series on Risk Management of Chemicals. 經濟合作暨發展組織. 2021: 23. ISBN 978-92-64-51128-6. doi:10.1787/e458e796-en (英语).
- ^ Schymanski, Emma L.; Zhang, Jian; Thiessen, Paul A.; Chirsir, Parviel; Kondic, Todor; Bolton, Evan E. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in PubChem: 7 Million and Growing. Environmental Science & Technology (American Chemical Society). October 23, 2023, 57 (44): 16918–16928. Bibcode:2023EnST...5716918S. PMC 10634333 . PMID 37871188. doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c04855.
- ^ 警惕食品包装中的“氟”. 合肥海關. 2020-09-19 (中文).
- ^ Bagenstose, Kyle. What are PFAS? A guide to understanding chemicals behind nonstick pans, cancer fears. USA TODAY. March 7, 2022.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 PFAS Explained. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 30 March 2016.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 KLUGER, JEFFREY. All The Stuff in Your Home That Might Contain PFAS 'Forever Chemicals'. Time. May 19, 2023.
- ^ PFAS and Your Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 17 January 2024 [12 December 2024].
- ^ Perkins, Tom. Toxic 'forever chemicals' widespread in top makeup brands, study finds. The Guardian. June 15, 2021. (原始内容存档于July 7, 2021).
- ^ Whitehead HD, Venier M, Wu Y, Eastman E, Urbanik S, Diamond ML, Shalin A, Schwartz-Narbonne H, Bruton TA, Blum A, Wang Z. Fluorinated Compounds in North American Cosmetics. Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 15 June 2021, 8 (7): 538–544. doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00240.
- ^ Opinion: These toxic chemicals are everywhere — even in your body. And they won't ever go away. The Washington Post. January 2, 2018. ISSN 0190-8286. (原始内容存档于May 9, 2019).
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS) Factsheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 January 2024.
- ^ Buck RC, Franklin J, Berger U, Conder JM, Cousins IT, de Voogt P, et al. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. October 2011, 7 (4): 513–541. Bibcode:2011IEAM....7..513B. PMC 3214619 . PMID 21793199. doi:10.1002/ieam.258.
- ^ Turkewitz J. Toxic 'Forever Chemicals' in Drinking Water Leave Military Families Reeling. The New York Times. February 22, 2019. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于June 8, 2019).
- ^ Kounang, Nadia. FDA confirms PFAS chemicals are in the US food supply. CNN. June 3, 2019. (原始内容存档于June 8, 2019).
- ^ Companies deny responsibility for toxic 'forever chemicals' contamination. The Guardian. September 11, 2019. (原始内容存档于September 11, 2019).
- ^ Munoz G, Budzinski H, Babut M, Drouineau H, Lauzent M, Menach KL, et al. Evidence for the Trophic Transfer of Perfluoroalkylated Substances in a Temperate Macrotidal Estuary (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. August 2017, 51 (15): 8450–8459. Bibcode:2017EnST...51.8450M. PMID 28679050. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b02399.
- ^ Elton, Charlotte. 'Frightening' scale of Europe's forever chemical pollution revealed. Euronews. February 24, 2023.
- ^ Toxic 'Forever Chemicals' Widespread in Top Makeup Brands, Study Finds; Researchers Find Signs of PFAS in over Half of 231 Samples of Products Including Lipstick, Mascara and Foundation. The Guardian. UK. 15 June 2021. (原始内容存档于June 26, 2021).
- ^ Our Current Understanding of the Human Health and Environmental Risks of PFAS. June 7, 2023.
- ^ Emerging chemical risks in Europe — 'PFAS'. European Environment Agency. December 12, 2019.
- ^ Some Chemicals Used as Solvents and in Polymer Manufacture. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 110. 2016. (原始内容存档于March 24, 2020).
- ^ New Report Calls for Expanded PFAS Testing for People With History of Elevated Exposure, Offers Advice for Clinical Treatment (新闻稿). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. July 28, 2022.
- ^ Zahm S, Bonde JP, Chiu WA, Hoppin J, Kanno J, Abdallah M, et al. Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. The Lancet. November 2023, 25 (1): 16–17. PMID 38043561. S2CID 265571186. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00622-8.
- ^ 25.0 25.1 Zhanyun Wang; Andreas M. Buser; Ian T. Cousins; Silvia Demattio; Wiebke Drost; Olof Johansson; Koichi Ohno; Grace Patlewicz; Ann M. Richard; Glen W. Walker; Graham S. White; and Eeva Leinala. A New OECD Definition for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. 環境科學與技術. 2021-11-09, 55 (23) [2025-01-01] (英语).
- ^ PFAS – Nomenclature. Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists. 2022-08-10 [2025-01-01] (英语).
Under this definition, the simplest PFAS is tetrafluoromethane (CF4),...
- ^ Multi-Industry Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Study. 2021 Preliminary Report (PDF) (报告). 美國國家環境保護局: 3-2. 2021 (英语).
- ^ Technical/Regulatory Guidance: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PDF) (报告). 美國州際環境技術與規則委員會: 22. 2023 (英语).