User:AINH/中立國 (第二次世界大戰)
中立國是指在第二次世界大戰期間保持中立的國家，這其中不乏在海外擁有大量殖民地或擁有強大的經濟實力的國家。
一般來說，中立國在第二次世界大戰期間沒有正式表明立場，以其希望避免受到攻擊。 然而，葡萄牙、瑞典和瑞士都透過向英國提供「志願旅」來幫助同盟國。而西班牙則疏遠同盟國並支持軸心國，且向他們提供自己的志願旅藍色師。值得注意的是西班牙在德國入侵波蘭前五個月的1939年4月1日才剛結束內戰。這場內戰有多個外國介入，當中不少隨後又參與了第二次世界大戰。西班牙內戰也被認為是第二次世界大戰的前奏。
包括美國在內的大多數美洲國家於開戰之初一直保持中立。直到1941年12月8日，即日本襲擊珍珠港的第二天，美國正式加入同盟國參戰，多國隨即跟隨參戰。
1929年義大利與梵蒂岡簽署的《拉特朗条约》要求教宗保持「在國際關係中永久中立」，使梵蒂岡成為一個中立國家。
一些國家儘管努力保持中立，但仍遭受入侵。其中包括納粹德國於1940年4月9日入侵丹麥和挪威，英軍隨後於4月12日出兵佔領丹麥的領土法羅群島，以阻止法羅群島落入德國人手中。同年5月10日，德国入侵比利時、荷蘭和盧森堡。同日，英國入侵丹麥的附屬國冰島並建立了一支佔領軍，隨後被當時中立的美國接管。蘇聯於1940年6月入侵波羅的海三國。在巴爾幹半島，意希戰爭於1940年10月28日爆發，南斯拉夫於1941年4月遭到入侵。伊朗也於1941年8月遭到英國和蘇聯的攻擊和佔領。
大陸
[编辑]歐洲
[编辑]波羅的海三國
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爱沙尼亚、
立陶宛、
拉脫維亞 – 波羅的海三國於1938年11月18日在里加舉行的波羅的海外交部長會議上聯合宣布中立[1][2][3]，同年晚些時候，各自的議會通過了中立法。儘管如此，三國都先後被蘇聯佔領了兩次及被納粹德國占領一次。戰後蘇聯對波羅的海國家的佔領一直維持至1991年8月波羅的海國家重獲獨立為止。
冰島
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冰岛王国 – 冰島於1944年前為丹麥王國的附庸國。1940年4月9日，丹麥被纳粹德国占领。为阻止德国佔領冰島，英國在劝说冰岛政府加入盟军失败后，于1940年5月10日上午入侵冰島[4]，自此起冰島被盟軍佔領。
愛爾蘭
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愛爾蘭 – 在二戰期間歐洲開始爆發戰爭後，愛爾蘭議會在總理埃蒙·德·瓦莱拉主導下採取中立政策[5]。 儘管受到德國多次空襲以及同盟國和軸心國均對愛爾蘭運輸船隊進行了多次襲擊，但在整場戰爭期間愛爾蘭一直能夠維持中立，而未曾加入同盟國或軸心國。值得注意的是英國曾經提議讓北愛爾蘭加入愛爾蘭，以換取愛爾蘭加入同盟國。唯英國政府在提出這一建議前根本未曾知會北愛政府，且德·瓦莱拉亦未能確保最後愛爾蘭真的得以統一等現實因素而最後拒絕這提議[6][7]。
葡萄牙
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葡萄牙在第二次世界大戰期間保持中立。葡萄牙在開戰之初就指出過去近600年所建立的英葡聯盟仍然有效，然而由於英國並未尋求葡萄牙的軍事援助，葡萄牙仍能夠保持中立。當中很大的原因是因為英國希望借著葡萄牙保持中立以抑制西班牙也保持中立，而非加入軸心國[8]。葡萄牙在臨近二戰尾聲的1944年11月28日與美國簽署軍事協議，允許美國使用亞速爾群島的秘密軍事基地。這違反了葡萄牙的中立性，使葡萄牙成為同盟國中的非交戰國[9]。
葡萄牙殖民地：
西班牙
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佛朗哥政權–西班牙最初保持中立，但當義大利於1940年6月參戰時，弗朗西斯科·弗朗哥將西班牙的地位改為非交戰國並佔領丹吉爾。自1940年6月起佛朗哥政權越加傾向於干涉主義。時任外交部長拉蒙·塞拉诺·苏涅尔是一位著名的法西斯主義者及親德派，在政府中極具影響力。[10]然而，即使在與德國官員進行了幾次會面之後，包括1940年10月23日佛朗哥和希特勒之間的昂代會面，西班牙也沒有正式加入戰爭。西班牙不願參加戰爭的大部分原因是西班牙依賴來自美國的進口，且西班牙仍未從內戰中恢復過來，加上佛朗哥知道他的武裝部隊將難以抵禦英國進攻加那利群島和西屬摩洛哥。[11]
隨着巴巴羅薩行動將主要戰區從地中海轉移至東方，西班牙不再感興趣插手干預。然而影響力下降的蘇涅爾仍然能夠創建由西班牙志願者組成的藍色師為軸心國而戰[12]，惟該師只能與蘇聯軍隊作戰。隨著戰爭風向明顯轉向有利於同盟國，佛朗哥於1943年10月將西班牙的地位恢復為嚴守中立[13]。
在戰爭的大部分時間裡，西班牙一直是納粹德國的主要戰略鎢礦供應商。在盟軍越加沉重的外交和經濟壓力下，西班牙於1944年5月2日與美國和英國簽署了一項秘密協議，大幅限制對德國的鎢出口，並將德國間諜驅逐出西班牙領土。[14]
瑞典
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瑞典 – 在戰前，瑞典和其他北歐國家宣布計劃會在任何大型歐洲衝突中保持中立。當芬蘭在冬季戰爭中被蘇聯入侵時，瑞典將其立場轉變為非交戰國。因為「非交戰國」不受國際條約界定，這使得瑞典擺脫了對中立國的限制。也因此瑞典政府在冬季戰爭期間得以支持芬蘭，允許休假的德國士兵穿越瑞典，並一度允許一個戰鬥師從挪威經瑞典前往芬蘭。在二戰期間，德國軍隊得以穿越芬蘭和瑞典以及瑞典的鐵礦石都大大幫助了德國的戰爭進度。瑞典國防軍在戰間期經歷了嚴重的縮編，因此到1940年已無力抵抗德國的軍事威脅。
至1943年，瑞典國防軍已有了很大改善。再加上德國在戰場上開始敗退以及同盟國日益增加的壓力等因素，瑞典終止了與德國的所有此類交易[15]。希特勒曾考慮入侵瑞典，但由於戈林的抗議，希特勒最終放棄了這個計畫。瑞典斯凱孚公司提供了德國使用的大部分滾珠軸承，對盟軍飛機生產也很重要[16]。
Danish resistance worked with Sweden to carry out the 1943 rescue of the Danish Jews by shipping them to Sweden. During the Liberation of Finnmark, Sweden sent Norwegian "police" troops over the border to link up with Allied forces. At the end of the war, Sweden was preparing to join the Allied invasion of Norway and Denmark if the occupying Wehrmacht forces rejected a general armistice.
Switzerland
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瑞士 – Switzerland maintained its neutrality to protect its own banking interests from plunder by the Axis. It also depended on German coal, with 10 million tons imported during the war, comprising 41% of Swiss energy supplies. The Swiss military often opened fire on Axis bombers invading its airspace; Switzerland also shot down Allied planes over its territory on several occasions. Throughout the war, cities in Switzerland were accidentally bombed by both Axis and Allied aircraft. Adolf Hitler did indeed plan to invade Switzerland, but Switzerland had formed complex fortifications and amassed thousands of soldiers in the mountains to thwart any Axis invasion. Because of the extreme mountainous conditions in Switzerland, Hitler decided to bombard the United Kingdom rather than engage in a costly war with Switzerland.
微型國家
[编辑]安道爾
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安道尔在整個第二次世界大戰期間保持中立。
列支敦士登
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列支敦斯登–在第二次世界大战期间，列支敦士登在保持中立的同时也是少数几个不承认慕尼黑协定以及第三帝国占领捷克斯洛伐克的欧洲国家之一，并且在二战中始终承认捷克斯洛伐克流亡政府为合法政府[17]，其位于战区的家族财产被带到列支敦士登（以及伦敦）妥善保管。此外，列支敦士登在戰爭期間盡可能緊密地與瑞士聯繫在一起，以希望保持該國的中立性[18]。在战争快要结束时，捷克斯洛伐克和波兰夺取了在其认为是德国领土的地区，而剥夺了列支敦士登王朝在波希米亚、摩拉维亚和西里西亚世袭的全部土地及所有权。列支敦士登亲王至今依然对这些土地提出主权要求，要求捷克和斯洛伐克归还所占领土[17]。
- 另外列支敦士登在二战快要结束时，曾拒绝苏联的遣返要求而为大约500名俄罗斯解放军士兵（一支编入德意志国防军的俄罗斯投敌部队）提供政治庇护[17]。值得注意的是列支敦士登是唯一拒絕蘇聯要求遣返俄羅斯人的國家，並告知蘇聯政府只有那些想回家的俄羅斯人才會被遣返[19]。
摩納哥
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聖馬力諾
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梵蒂岡
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亞洲
[编辑]阿富汗
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阿富汗王國在整個第二次世界大戰期間保持中立。
不丹
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不丹在整個第二次世界大戰期間保持中立。
伊朗
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Saudi Arabia
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沙烏地阿拉伯 severed diplomatic contacts with Germany on 11 September 1939, and with Japan in October 1941. Although officially neutral, the Saudis provided the Allies with large supplies of oil. Diplomatic relations with the United States were established in 1943. King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud was a personal friend of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Americans were then allowed to build an air force base near Dhahran.[20] Saudi Arabia declared war on Germany on 28 February 1945 and Japan on 1 April 1945, but no military actions resulted from the declaration.
西藏
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西藏在整場第二次世界大戰期間都保持中立。雖然西藏事實上獨立並處於達賴喇嘛的統治之下，但國際社會普遍將其視為中華民國的一個地區省份。1943年，西藏政府在拉薩接待了來自美國的戰略情報局軍官[21]。二戰結束後，國民黨在國共內戰中被共產黨擊敗，西藏隨後於1951年被中國入侵及併吞。
Turkey
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土耳其 was neutral until several months before the end of the war, at which point it joined the Allies. Prior to the outbreak of war, Turkey signed a Mutual Aid Pact with France and Britain in 1939. After the German invasion of France, however, Turkey remained neutral, relying on a clause excusing them if military action might bring conflict with the USSR. In June 1941, after neighbouring Bulgaria joined the Axis and allowed Germany to move troops through to invade Yugoslavia and Greece, Turkey signed a treaty of friendship with Germany. Winston Churchill and his military staff met the Turkish president on 30 January 1943 in the Adana Conference, although Turkey did not then change its position.- Turkey was an important producer of chromite, a strategic material for metallurgy to which Germany had limited access. The Germans wanted it, and the Allies wanted to prevent them getting it, so chromite was the key issue in Turkey's negotiations with both sides. Turkey would backpedal on its agreement to supply Nazi Germany with chromite after instead selling it to the rival nations the United States and the United Kingdom after the two allied nations agreed to also purchase dried fruit and tobacco from Turkey as well.[22] Turkey halted its sales to Germany in April 1944 and broke off relations in August. In February 1945, after the Allies made its invitation to the inaugural meeting of the United Nations (along with the invitations of several other nations) conditional on full belligerency, Turkey declared war on the Axis powers, but no Turkish troops ever saw combat.
也門
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葉門穆塔瓦基利亞王國在整個第二次世界大戰期間保持中立。
美洲
[编辑]珍珠港事件前整個美洲基本上除加拿大以外並無國家加入任一陣營。珍珠港事件後多個美洲國家隨即跟隨美國向軸心國宣戰，包括哥斯達黎加、多明尼加、薩爾瓦多、危地馬拉、海地、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜、巴拿馬等。墨西哥和巴西分別在1942年向軸心國宣戰，智利、玻利維亞及哥倫比亞分別在1943年宣戰。
美國
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美国 – The United States remained neutral at the outbreak of World War II in compliance with the Neutrality Act of 1936 despite favoring the Allied side. However, the sudden defeat of France by Nazi Germany in the spring of 1940 led the country to significantly expand its armed forces through the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940. On 29 December of that year, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared that the United States was to be the 「Arsenal of Democracy」 for the Allies by giving them supplies while the country remained neutral. The U.S. remained neutral until 8 December 1941, when it declared war on Japan in response to the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the previous day.
Argentina
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Argentina – Before the start of World War II in 1939, Argentina had maintained a long tradition of neutrality regarding European wars, which had been upheld and defended by all major political parties since the 19th century. One of the main reasons for this policy was related to Argentina's economic position as one of the world's leading exporters of foodstuffs and agricultural products, to Europe in general and to the United Kingdom in particular.[23] Thus, initially, even though the government of Argentina was sympathetic to the Allies[24] and provided economic assistance to the United Kingdom,[25] the country's political tradition of neutralism prevailed. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent American declaration of war upon Japan, American pressure for Argentine entry into the war begun to increase.[24] Relations worsened further following a military coup in 1943, as the plotters were accused of holding Axis sympathies.[25] Because of strong divisions and internal disputes between members of the Argentine military, the country would continue to remain neutral, even after American sanctions.[25] However, Argentina eventually gave in to the Allies' pressure, broke relations with the Axis powers on January 26, 1944,[25] and declared war on March 27, 1945.[25] Over 4,000 Argentine volunteers fought on the Allied side.[26]
Conclusion
[编辑]Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland held to the concept of armed neutrality, and continuously amassed soldiers to defend their nation's sovereignty from potential invasion. Thus, they maintained the right to become belligerent if attacked while in a state of neutrality. The concept of neutrality in war is narrowly defined and puts specific constraints on the neutral party in return for the internationally recognized right to remain neutral. A wider concept is that of non-belligerence. The basic treaty covering Neutral states is Convention V of The Hague Respecting the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land (1907). It is important to note that a neutral country takes no side in a war between other parties, and in return hopes to avoid being attacked by either of them. A neutralist policy aims at neutrality in case of an armed conflict that could involve the party in question. A neutralist is an advocate of neutrality in international affairs. The concept of neutrality in conflicts is distinct from non-alignment, i.e., the willful desistance from military alliances in order to preserve neutrality in case of war, and perhaps with the hope of preventing a war altogether.
In a study of Spain, Switzerland, and Sweden during the Second World War, Eric Golson found that they engaged in economic realpolitik, as they traded with both the Axis and the Allied Powers.[27]
See also
[编辑]參考資料
[编辑]- ^ Estonian Neutrality Law of December 1st, 1938
- ^ Neiburgs, Uldis. Soviet occupation. Latvijas Okupācijas muzejs. [17 December 2017].
- ^ Liekis, Šarūnas. 1939: The Year that Changed Everything in Lithuania's History. New York: Rodopi. 2010: 119–122. ISBN 978-9042027626 （英语）.
- ^ Stone, Bill. Iceland in the Second World War. Stone & Stone. 1998 [22 June 2008]. （原始内容存档于2009-01-07）.
- ^ Sweeney, Matthew D. Irish Neutrality in World War II: Eamon de Valera’s Struggle to Protect Eire (PDF). The Hanover Historical Review.
- ^ Britain offered unity if Ireland entered war. The Irish Times. [2024-01-10] （英语）.
- ^ Letter from Eamon de Valera to Neville Chamberlain (London). Documents on Irish Foreign Policy. [2024-01-10] （英国英语）.
- ^ Leite, Joaquim da Costa. Neutrality by Agreement: Portugal and the British Alliance in World War II. American University International Law Review.
- ^ United States Treaties and Other International Agreements (Vol 2 Part 2). United States Government Printing Office. 1951: 2127.
- ^ Egido León, Ángeles. Franco y la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Ayer. 2005, 57 (1): 105. JSTOR 41325295.
- ^ Sager, Murray (July 2009). "Franco, Hitler & the play for Gibraltar: how the Spanish held firm on the Rock". Esprit de Corps. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08.
- ^ Egido León, Ángeles. Franco y la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Ayer. 2005, 57 (1): 116. JSTOR 41325295.
- ^ Lingelbach, Anna Lane. Franco Camouflages Spanish Fascism. Current History. 1945, 9 (47). ISSN 0011-3530.
- ^ Moradiellos, Enrique. España y la segunda guerra mundial, 1939-1945: entre resignaciones neutralistas y tentaciones beligerantes (PDF). Carlos Navajas Zubeldia & Diego Iturriaga Barco (编). Siglo. Actas del V Congreso Internacional de Historia de Nuestro Tiempo. Logroño: Universidad de la Rioja. 2016: 72–73.
- ^ Gilmour, John. Trading with Germany and the Allies – Blackmail and Brinksmanship. Edinburgh University Press. 2011-03-14. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627462.003.0007.
- ^ Golson, Eric B. Did Swedish ball bearings keep the Second World War going? Re-evaluating neutral Sweden's role. Scandinavian Economic History Review. 2012-06, 60 (2). ISSN 0358-5522. doi:10.1080/03585522.2012.693259 （英语）.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Ladislav Kahoun. Liechtenstein Prince Hans Adam II: I want my property back. Britské listy. 2004-02-26 [2008-08-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-05） （英语）.
- ^ Streitwireless, Clarence. GUARANTEE SOUGHT BY LIECHTENSTEIN; Principality Wants to Join Switzerland if Powers Fail to Back Independencece GERMAN INVASION FEARED. The New York Times. 10 April 1938 [16 May 2023].
- ^ Tolstoy, Nikolai. The secret betrayal. New York: Scribner. 1978. ISBN 978-0-684-15635-4.
- ^ Jan Romein. The Asian Century: A History of Modern Nationalism in Asia. University of California Press. 1962: 382.
- ^ Ernst, Maximilian. The Tolstoy-Dolan Mission and the Establishment of US-Tibetan Relations: An Investigation into the event that unfolded after the first visit of American Representatives to Lhasa in 1943. Seoul National University Journal of International Affairs. 2017, 2 (1).
- ^ Allied Relations and Negotiations With Turkey, US State Department, pp. 6-8
- ^ Allén Lascano, Luís C. (1977). Argentina y la gran guerra, Cuaderno 12. «La Soberanía», Todo es Historia, Buenos Aires
- ^ 24.0 24.1 Carlos Escudé: Un enigma: la "irracionalidad" argentina frente a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe, Vol. 6 Nº 2, jul-dic 1995, Universidad de Tel Aviv
- ^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Galasso, Norberto (2006). Perón: Formación, ascenso y caída (1893-1955), Colihue, ISBN 950-581-399-6
- ^ Wings of Thunder – Wartime RAF Veterans Flying in From Argentina. PR Newswire. 6 April 2005 [8 January 2008].
- ^ Golson, Eric. Neutrality in War. Economic History of Warfare and State Formation. Studies in Economic History. Springer, Singapore. 2016: 259–278. ISBN 9789811016042. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1605-9_11 （英语）.
[[Category:战争法]] [[Category:國際關係]] <!-- 沒有連結 -->[[Category:Neutral states in World War II]]