接合菌门

接合菌门
	Phycomyces sp.的圆球形孢子囊
科学分类
界：	真菌界 Fungi
门：	接合菌门 Zygomycota; Moreau, 1954
纲
	接合菌纲 Zygomycetes; 毛菌纲 Trichomycetes;

接合菌门（学名：Zygomycota）是一类真菌。其孢子分为有性及无性两种，有性生殖为接合孢子，无性生殖为孢囊孢子；此门真菌的菌丝属于“无隔多核”。

分类

传统上依据形态将真菌分为接合菌门（Zygomycota）、子囊菌门（Ascomycota）及担子菌门（Basidiomycota），而接合菌门分为毛菌纲（Trichomycetes）及接合菌纲（Zygomycetes）两个纲。^[1]其中毛菌纲为一类共生于节肢动物肠道中之接合菌，种类较少，而接合菌纲之物种数目则占了接合菌门的绝大部分。^[2]不过许多传统上因为形态简单被视为接合菌的真菌后来因为分子证据而被归入子囊菌中（如青霉菌、黑霉菌）；分子证据也显示毛菌纲、接合菌纲乃至整个接合菌门都是并系群，不再适合做为正式的分类单元。

2007年，戴维·希贝特（David Hibbett）根据亲缘关系将接合菌门分为4个亚门：毛霉亚门（Mucoromycotina）、梳霉亚门（Kickxellomycotina）、虫霉亚门（Entomophthoromycotina）和捕虫霉亚门（Zoopagomycotina）^[3]，2011年坷·霍夫曼（Käthe Hoffmann）又增加了一个被孢霉亚门（Mortierellomycotina）^[4]。2014年虫霉亚门升为虫霉门^[5]。2016年，Joseph W. Spatafora根据基因组数据将接合菌门重新拆分为捕虫霉门和毛霉门，其中捕虫霉门包括虫霉亚门、梳霉亚门和捕虫霉亚门，毛霉门包括球囊霉亚门、被孢霉亚门和毛霉亚门^[6]。

因为过去的研究较少，加上系统发生学不断引入各种新的分子技术和统计学模型，真菌的分类目前时常发生大幅变动，目前较新的分类方式是将接合菌分成下列四支^{[来源请求]}：

毛霉亚门 Mucoromycotina
- 内囊霉目 Endogonales
- 毛霉目 Mucorales
- 被孢霉目 Mortierellales
梳霉亚门 Kickxellomycotina
- 内孢毛霉目 Asellariales
- 梳霉目 Kickxellales
- 双珠霉目 Dimargaritales
- 钩孢毛菌目 Harpellales
虫霉亚门 Entomophthoromycotina
- 虫霉目 Entomophthorales
捕虫霉亚门 Zoopagomycotina
- 捕虫霉目 Zoopagales

参考文献

^ Kirk, P.M, P.F. Cannon, J.C. David, and J.A. Stalplers. 2001. Dictionary of the fungi. 9th edi. CABI International, Wallingford, UK. 缺少或|url=为空 (帮助)
^ 何小曼. 臺灣管狀孢子囊接合菌之研究 (PDF). “真菌、天、地、人”学术研讨会论文集. 2005: 75–78 [2022-11-11]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-11-11）.
^ Hibbett, David S.; Binder, Manfred; Bischoff, Joseph F.; Blackwell, Meredith; Cannon, Paul F.; Eriksson, Ove E.; Huhndorf, Sabine; James, Timothy; Kirk, Paul M.; Lücking, Robert; Thorsten Lumbsch, H.; Lutzoni, François; Matheny, P. Brandon; McLaughlin, David J.; Powell, Martha J.; Redhead, Scott; Schoch, Conrad L.; Spatafora, Joseph W.; Stalpers, Joost A.; Vilgalys, Rytas; Aime, M. Catherine; Aptroot, André; Bauer, Robert; Begerow, Dominik; Benny, Gerald L.; Castlebury, Lisa A.; Crous, Pedro W.; Dai, Yu-Cheng; Gams, Walter; Geiser, David M.; Griffith, Gareth W.; Gueidan, Cécile; Hawksworth, David L.; Hestmark, Geir; Hosaka, Kentaro; Humber, Richard A.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Ironside, Joseph E.; Kõljalg, Urmas; Kurtzman, Cletus P.; Larsson, Karl-Henrik; Lichtwardt, Robert; Longcore, Joyce; Miądlikowska, Jolanta; Miller, Andrew; Moncalvo, Jean-Marc; Mozley-Standridge, Sharon; Oberwinkler, Franz; Parmasto, Erast; Reeb, Valérie; Rogers, Jack D.; Roux, Claude; Ryvarden, Leif; Sampaio, José Paulo; Schüßler, Arthur; Sugiyama, Junta; Thorn, R. Greg; Tibell, Leif; Untereiner, Wendy A.; Walker, Christopher; Wang, Zheng; Weir, Alex; Weiss, Michael; White, Merlin M.; Winka, Katarina; Yao, Yi-Jian; Zhang, Ning. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycological Research. 2007-05-01, 111 (5): 509–547. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004.
^ Hoffmann, K.; Voigt, K.; Kirk, P.M. Mortierellomycotina subphyl. nov., based on multi-gene genealogies. Mycotaxon. 2011-05-09, 115 (1): 353–363. doi:10.5248/115.353.
^ Systematics and evolution : part a.. [Place of publication not identified]: Springer. ISBN 978-3-662-49578-0.
^ Spatafora, Joseph W.; Chang, Ying; Benny, Gerald L.; Lazarus, Katy; Smith, Matthew E.; Berbee, Mary L.; Bonito, Gregory; Corradi, Nicolas; Grigoriev, Igor; Gryganskyi, Andrii; James, Timothy Y.; O’Donnell, Kerry; Roberson, Robert W.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Uehling, Jessie; Vilgalys, Rytas; White, Merlin M.; Stajich, Jason E. A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia. 2016-09, 108 (5): 1028–1046. doi:10.3852/16-042.

外部链接

微生物免疫学-Zygomycetes(接合菌纲) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）Zygomycota （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at the Tree of Life Web Project
（英文）Zygomycetes.org （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[Kirk-1] Kirk, P.M, P.F. Cannon, J.C. David, and J.A. Stalplers. 2001. Dictionary of the fungi. 9th edi. CABI International, Wallingford, UK. 缺少或|url=为空 (帮助)

[2] 何小曼. 臺灣管狀孢子囊接合菌之研究 (PDF). “真菌、天、地、人”学术研讨会论文集. 2005: 75–78 [2022-11-11]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-11-11）.

[3] Hibbett, David S.; Binder, Manfred; Bischoff, Joseph F.; Blackwell, Meredith; Cannon, Paul F.; Eriksson, Ove E.; Huhndorf, Sabine; James, Timothy; Kirk, Paul M.; Lücking, Robert; Thorsten Lumbsch, H.; Lutzoni, François; Matheny, P. Brandon; McLaughlin, David J.; Powell, Martha J.; Redhead, Scott; Schoch, Conrad L.; Spatafora, Joseph W.; Stalpers, Joost A.; Vilgalys, Rytas; Aime, M. Catherine; Aptroot, André; Bauer, Robert; Begerow, Dominik; Benny, Gerald L.; Castlebury, Lisa A.; Crous, Pedro W.; Dai, Yu-Cheng; Gams, Walter; Geiser, David M.; Griffith, Gareth W.; Gueidan, Cécile; Hawksworth, David L.; Hestmark, Geir; Hosaka, Kentaro; Humber, Richard A.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Ironside, Joseph E.; Kõljalg, Urmas; Kurtzman, Cletus P.; Larsson, Karl-Henrik; Lichtwardt, Robert; Longcore, Joyce; Miądlikowska, Jolanta; Miller, Andrew; Moncalvo, Jean-Marc; Mozley-Standridge, Sharon; Oberwinkler, Franz; Parmasto, Erast; Reeb, Valérie; Rogers, Jack D.; Roux, Claude; Ryvarden, Leif; Sampaio, José Paulo; Schüßler, Arthur; Sugiyama, Junta; Thorn, R. Greg; Tibell, Leif; Untereiner, Wendy A.; Walker, Christopher; Wang, Zheng; Weir, Alex; Weiss, Michael; White, Merlin M.; Winka, Katarina; Yao, Yi-Jian; Zhang, Ning. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycological Research. 2007-05-01, 111 (5): 509–547. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004.

[4] Hoffmann, K.; Voigt, K.; Kirk, P.M. Mortierellomycotina subphyl. nov., based on multi-gene genealogies. Mycotaxon. 2011-05-09, 115 (1): 353–363. doi:10.5248/115.353.

[5] Systematics and evolution : part a.. [Place of publication not identified]: Springer. ISBN 978-3-662-49578-0.

[6] Spatafora, Joseph W.; Chang, Ying; Benny, Gerald L.; Lazarus, Katy; Smith, Matthew E.; Berbee, Mary L.; Bonito, Gregory; Corradi, Nicolas; Grigoriev, Igor; Gryganskyi, Andrii; James, Timothy Y.; O’Donnell, Kerry; Roberson, Robert W.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Uehling, Jessie; Vilgalys, Rytas; White, Merlin M.; Stajich, Jason E. A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia. 2016-09, 108 (5): 1028–1046. doi:10.3852/16-042.

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