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三月事件 (阿塞拜疆)

维基百科，自由的百科全书
三月事件
阿塞拜疆—亚美尼亚战争、俄国内战南线的一部分

巴库被杀害的阿塞拜疆人
日期1918年3月30日至4月2日
地点
外高加索委员部巴库
参战方
布尔什维克
亚美尼亚革命联盟		 阿塞拜疆平等党
高加索土著骑兵师（英语：Caucasian Native Cavalry Division）
指挥官与领导者
邵武勉 梅姆德·埃明·拉苏尔扎德
兵力
布尔什维克
6,000名士兵[1]
亚美尼亚革命联盟
4,000名武装人员[1]		 10,000名武装人员[1]
伤亡与损失
2,500名亚美尼亚人[2] 3,000名[3]至12,000名穆斯林[4]

三月事件（阿塞拜疆语：Mart hadisələri）是1918年3月30日至4月2日（俄国内战期间）发生于外高加索委员部巴库的种族武装冲突事件[5][6]，布尔什维克军队与亚美尼亚民族主义组织亚美尼亚革命联盟合作对抗阿塞拜疆平等党[7][8][9]。纽约时报报导指“俄罗斯人与穆斯林的冲突中共有2000人死亡与3000人受伤”[10]，隔年报导又称共有12,000人罹难[11]。事后当地建立短暂的苏维埃政权巴库公社[12]。同年9月高加索伊斯兰军（英语：Islamic Army of the Caucasus）攻占巴库，爆发了上万名亚美尼亚人被屠杀的九月事件[13][14]。

多数来源将三月事件解读为内战冲突[7][15][16][17][18]，阿塞拜疆方则将此事件视为种族屠杀[19][20]，2013年9月18日库巴的种族灭绝纪念碑由阿塞拜疆总统伊利哈姆·阿利耶夫揭幕，纪念三月事件的罹难者[21]。

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hopkirk, Peter. Like hidden fire. The Plot to bring down the British Empire. New York: Kodansha Globe. 1994: 281, 283, 287. ISBN 1-56836-127-0. 
  2. ^ (Pasdermadjian 1918，第193页)
  3. ^ (Altstadt 1992，第86页)
  4. ^ Smith 2001，第228页: "The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat. Several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting; up to 12,000 Muslim civilians perished; thousands of others fled Baku in a mass exodus."
  5. ^ New Republics in the Caucasus. The New York Times Current History. March 1920, 11 (2): 492. 
  6. ^ Michael Smith. Pamiat' ob utratakh i Azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo/Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani. National Memory. Azerbaidzhan i Rossiia: obshchestva i gosudarstva (Azerbaijan and Russia: Societies and States). Sakharov Center. [21 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-01） （俄语）. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 De Waal, Thomas. The Caucasus: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. 2010: 62. ISBN 978-0-19-539976-9. In the so called March Days of 1918, Baku descended into a mini-civil war, after the Bolsheviks declared war on Musavat Party and then stood by as Dashnak militias rampaged through the city, killing Azerbaijanis indiscriminately 
  8. ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor. The revenge of the past:nationalism, revolution, and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford University Press. 1993: 41–42. ISBN 0-8047-2247-1. 
  9. ^ Buttino, Marco. In a collapsing empire:underdevelopment, ethnic conflicts and nationalisms in the Soviet Union Volume 28. Feltrinelli Editor. 1993: 176. ISBN 88-07-99048-2. Violence increased during the Civil War, with massacres of Azeri Turks – by the combined forced of Armenian Dashnaktsutiun party and the Bolsheviks 
  10. ^ BAKU IN FLAMES AS BATTLE RAGES; 2,000 Killed and 3,000 Wounded in Struggle Between Russians and Mussulmans. New York Times. 20 May 1918: 2 [18 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-14）. 
  11. ^ Land of Eternal Fires: So the little Republic of Azerbaidjan is called – Its territorial dispute with Armenia (PDF). New York Times. 19 October 1919 [22 August 2011]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-12-04）. 
  12. ^ Cronin, Stephanie. Reformers and revolutionaries in modern Iran: new perspectives on the Iranian left. Psychology Press. 2004: 91. ISBN 0-415-33128-5. After the 'March Days', the Bolsheviks finally came to power and established their famous Baku Commune in April 1918 
  13. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California press. 1967: 227. ISBN 0-520-00574-0. 
  14. ^ Croissant, Michael P. The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications. London: Praeger. 1998: 15. ISBN 0-275-96241-5. 
  15. ^ Shahumyan, Stepan. Letters 1896–1918. Yerevan: State Publishing House of Armenia. 1959: 63–67. On one side were fighting the Soviet Red Guard; the Red International Army, recently organized by us; the Red Fleet, which we had succeeded in reorganizing in a short time; and Armenian national units. On the other side the Muslim Savage Division in which there were quite a few Russian officers, and bands of armed Muslims, led by the Musavat Party... For us the results of the battle were brilliant. The destruction of the enemy was complete... More than three thousand were killed on both sides 
  16. ^ (Pasdermadjian 1918，第193页)
  17. ^ (Suny 1972，第217–221页)
  18. ^ Croissant, Michael. The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: causes and implications. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1998: 14. ISBN 0-275-96241-5. The oil-rich city of Baku had emerged as a stronghold of Bolshevism shortly after the October Russian Revolution, and friction between the Bolsheviks and the pan-Turkic Musavat party sparked a brief civil war in March 1918 
  19. ^ Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani people, March 1998
  20. ^ PACE Written Declaration, "Recognition of the genocide perpetrated against the Azeri population by the Armenians", Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Doc. 9066 2nd edition, 14 May 2001. （原始内容存档于7 June 2007）. 
  21. ^ Genocide Memorial Complex opened in Guba. www.news.az. [13 May 2014]. （原始内容存档于29 September 2018）. 
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