酒精耐受性
酒精耐受性（英語：Alcohol tolerance）是指身體對酒精飲料中的乙醇成分功能所做的反應。包括直接耐受性、從大量飲酒中恢復的速度、以及對抗酒精使用疾患發生的能力。
飲用引起的耐受性
[編輯]經常飲酒會增加酒精耐受性。[1]耐受性產生之後，會把身體對於酒精的敏感性降低，而後要攝取更多的酒精，才能達到之前相同的陶醉效果。酒精耐受性可能會導致（或是顯示出跡象）酒精依賴的結果。[1]
經過多年大量飲酒會導致「反向耐受」的結果。因為長期飲酒會損壞肝臟，讓脂肪和疤痕組織堆積。[2]肝臟損壞後，代謝（即分解酒精）的能力會降低，表示攝取少量的酒精就會導致血液酒精濃度 (BAC) 升高，和更快的酒精中毒。[3]
酒精耐受生理學原理
[編輯]
直接酒精耐受性在很大程度上取決於人體的體型。體型較大的人與體型較小的人相比，需要更多的酒精才能達到醉酒的狀態。[4]由於男性平均的體積比女性大，通常會具有更高的酒精耐受性。酒精耐受性還與肝臟和血液中的醇脫氫酶（ADH，一組負責分解酒精的酶）的活性有關聯。
高水平的醇脫氫酶活性會讓乙醇快速轉化為毒性更大的乙醛。酗酒者所具有的非典型醇脫氫酶速率通常會低於非酗酒者。[5]
據估計有二十分之一的人會發生酒精性臉紅反應。但這種反應絕不能當作飲者醉酒的指標。[6][7]當身體更快地把酒精代謝成乙醛（一種有毒代謝產物）時，就會發生輕微的潮紅反應。[5][8]當身體代謝乙醛的速度較慢時，會發生更嚴重的潮紅反應，這情況通常是因為乙醛脫氫酶（ALDH）失活的結果。前述的兩種情況 - 酒精轉化為乙醛的速度較快，以及乙醛被去除的速度較慢 - 會把過度飲酒和酒精依賴的風險降低。[5]
不同種族間酒精耐受性
[編輯]飲酒和發展出酒精使用疾患似乎是靈長目動物的常見現象，而不僅是人類的特有現象。[9]人類與非人類靈長目動物相比，獲得酒精的數量會更大，尤其是因為農業發展，酒精供應量大增的緣故。[10]世界人口中，對酒精的耐受性各不相同。[11]醇脫氫酶的遺傳學顯示人類對於酒精的抗性是在各種不同的文化中獨立發展而出。[12]在北美的原住民，與歐洲人和亞洲人相比，發生酒精使用疾患的可能性最高。[13][14][15][16]亞洲群體內部，例如中國人和韓國人之間，也存在不同的酒精耐受性。[17]根據報導，對於歐洲人後裔而言，適度的飲酒對健康的好處，似乎並未發生在非洲人後裔身上。[18]
較高體型和較高水平的醇脫氫酶的人會有較高的酒精耐受性，而成人體重和酶也因種族而異。[19][20]然而，並非所有耐受性差異都和生物化學有關。[21]耐受水平差異還會受到社會經濟和文化差異，包括飲食、平均體重、和消費模式的影響。[21][22][23]
參見
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Alcohol and Tolerance. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Alcohol Alert. April 1995, (28) [2009-08-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-04）.
- ^ Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease. UC San Diego Health. [4 October 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-17）.
- ^ Alcohol and Your Body. UC SANTA CRUZ. [9 August 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14）.
- ^ Factors That Affect How Alcohol is Absorbed & Metabolized. Student affairs - Office of Alcohol Policy and Education. Stanford University. [26 May 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-09）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Hurley TD, Edenberg HJ. Genes encoding enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism. Alcohol Res. 2012, 34 (3): 339–344. PMC 3756590
. PMID 23134050.
- ^ Myth or reality? The Asian alcohol 'gene' explained. Difford's Guide. September 10, 2013 [2013-10-22]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-22）.
- ^ Identifying the Signs of Intoxication (PDF). Government of Western Australia. December 2010. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於March 27, 2011）.
- ^ Eng, MY; Luczak, SE; Wall, TL. ALDH2, ADH1B, and ADH1C genotypes: A literature review. Alcohol Research & Health. 2007, 30 (1): 22–7. PMC 3860439 . PMID 17718397.
- ^ Juarez, J; Guzman-Flores, C; Ervin, FR; Palmour, RM. Voluntary alcohol consumption in vervet monkeys: individual, sex, and age differences.. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. December 1993, 46 (4): 985–8. PMID 8309979. S2CID 33697201. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(93)90232-I.
- ^ Curry, A. Our 9,000-Year Love Affair With Booze. National Geographic. 2017-01-17 [26 May 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-29）.
- ^ Chan, AW. Racial differences in alcohol sensitivity.. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 1986, 21 (1): 93–104. PMID 2937417.
- ^ Osier, Michael V.; Pakstis, Andrew J.; Soodyall, Himla; Comas, David; Goldman, David; Odunsi, Adekunle; Okonofua, Friday; Parnas, Josef; et al. A Global Perspective on Genetic Variation at the ADH Genes Reveals Unusual Patterns of Linkage Disequilibrium and Diversity. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002, 71 (1): 84–99. PMC 384995 . PMID 12050823. doi:10.1086/341290.
- ^ Alcohol Use Disorder. NY Times. 2013 [July 21, 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-15）.
- ^ Mail & al. (eds., 2002): Alcohol Use Among American Indians and Alaska Natives: Multiple Perspectives on a Complex Problem. NIAAA Research Monograph No. 37. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism[頁碼請求]
- ^ Caetano, Raul; Clark, Catherine L. Trends in Alcohol-Related Problems among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics: 1984-1995. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 1998, 22 (2): 534–538. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03685.x.
- ^ Karen Chartier; Raul Caetano. Ethnicity and Health Disparities in Alcohol Research. [2021-08-16]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-26）.
- ^ Duranceaux & al. Ethnic differences in level of response to alcohol between Chinese Americans and Korean Americans.. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2008, 69 (2): 227–234. PMC 2739570 . PMID 18299763. doi:10.15288/jsad.2008.69.227.
- ^ Jackson, Chandra L.; Hu, Frank B.; Kawachi, Ichiro; Williams, David R.; Mukamal, Kenneth J.; Rimm, Eric B. Black–White Differences in the Relationship Between Alcohol Drinking Patterns and Mortality Among US Men and Women. American Journal of Public Health. July 2015, 105 (S3): S534–S543. PMC 4455501 . PMID 25905819. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302615.
- ^ Yin, S. -J.; Cheng, T. -C.; Chang, C. -P.; Chen, Y. -J.; Chao, Y. -C.; Tang, H. -S.; Chang, T. -M.; Wu, C. -W. Human stomach alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH): A genetic model proposed for ALDH III isozymes. Biochemical Genetics. 1988, 26 (5–6): 343–60. PMID 3214414. S2CID 9315241. doi:10.1007/BF00554070.
- ^ Fenna, D; Schaefer, O; Mix, L; Gilbert, JA. Ethanol metabolism in various racial groups. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1971, 105 (5): 472–5. PMC 1931291 . PMID 5112118.
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Bennion L.; Li T. K. Alcohol metabolism in American Indians and whites. New England Journal of Medicine. 1976, 294 (1): 9–13. PMID 1244489. doi:10.1056/nejm197601012940103.
- ^ Waldram, J. B.; Herring, A. & Young, K. Aboriginal Health in Canada: Historical, Cultural, and Epidemiological Perspectives. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1995 [2021-08-16]. ISBN 9780802085795. （原始內容存檔於2014-08-16）.
- ^ Saggers, S. & Gray, D. (1998b). Dealing with Alcohol: Indigenous Usage in Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press[頁碼請求]
資料來源
[編輯]- Carroll, Charles R. Drugs in Modern Society . NY: McGraw-Hill, 2000 (fifth ed.).
- Chesher, G.; Greeley, J. Tolerance to the effects of alcohol. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving. 1992, 8 (2): 93–106.
- Osier, M; Pakstis, AJ; Kidd, JR; Lee, JF; Yin, SJ; Ko, HC; Edenberg, HJ; Lu, RB; Kidd, KK. Linkage disequilibrium at the ADH2 and ADH3 loci and risk of alcoholism. American Journal of Human Genetics. 1999, 64 (4): 1147–57. PMC 1377839 . PMID 10090900. doi:10.1086/302317.
- Muramatsu, T; Wang, ZC; Fang, YR; Hu, KB; Yan, H; Yamada, K; Higuchi, S; Harada, S; Kono, H. Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase genotypes and drinking behavior of Chinese living in Shanghai. Human Genetics. 1995, 96 (2): 151–4. PMID 7635462. S2CID 1624596. doi:10.1007/BF00207371.
- Neumark, YD; Friedlander, Y; Thomasson, HR; Li, TK. Association of the ADH2*2 allele with reduced ethanol consumption in Jewish men in Israel: A pilot study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 1998, 59 (2): 133–9. PMID 9500299. doi:10.15288/jsa.1998.59.133.
- Borinskaya, S. A.; Gasemianrodsari, F.; Kalyina, N. R.; Sokolova, M. V.; Yankovsky, N. K. Polymorphism of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene ADH1B in Eastern Slavic and Iranian-Speaking Populations. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2005, 41 (11): 1291–4. S2CID 4686166. doi:10.1007/s11177-005-0231-5. Translated from Polymorphism of alcohol dehydrogenase gene ADH1B in eastern Slavic and Iranian-speaking populations. Genetika. 2005, 41 (11): 1563–6. PMID 16358724.
- Borinskaya, Svetlana; Kal'Ina, Nina; Marusin, Andrey; Faskhutdinova, Gulnaz; Morozova, Irina; Kutuev, Ildus; Koshechkin, Vladimir; Khusnutdinova, Elza; et al. Distribution of the Alcohol Dehydrogenase ADH1B∗47His Allele in Eurasia. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2009, 84 (1): 89–92; author reply 92–4. PMC 2668054 . PMID 19124091. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.12.007.
- Li, Hui; Borinskaya, Svetlana; Yoshimura, Kimio; Kal』Ina, Nina; Marusin, Andrey; Stepanov, Vadim A.; Qin, Zhendong; Khaliq, Shagufta; et al. Refined Geographic Distribution of the Oriental ALDH2*504Lys (nee 487Lys) Variant. Annals of Human Genetics. 2009, 73 (3): 335–45. PMC 2846302 . PMID 19456322. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00517.x.
延伸閲讀
[編輯]- Caetano R, Clark CL, Tam T. Alcohol consumption among racial/ethnic minorities: theory and research (PDF). Alcohol Health Res World. 1998, 22 (4): 233–41. PMC 6761890 . PMID 15706749. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於June 16, 2015）.