蟋蟀
蟋蟀 | |
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黃斑黑蟋蟀(Gryllus bimaculatus) | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
綱: | 昆蟲綱 Insecta |
目: | 直翅目 Orthoptera |
亞目: | 劍尾亞目 Ensifera |
下目: | 蟋蟀下目 Gryllidea |
總科: | 蟋蟀總科 Grylloidea |
科: | 蟋蟀科 Gryllidae Laicharting, 1781[1] |
亞科 | |
異名 | |
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下級分類
[編輯]蟋蟀科包括以下屬:[4]
- Abaxitrella Gorochov, 2002
- Abmisha Otte, 1987
- Acanthogryllus Saussure, 1877
- 甲蟋屬 Acanthoplistus Saussure, 1877
- Acheta Fabricius, 1775
- Achetomorpha Gorochov, 2019
- Acophogryllus Gorochov, 1996
- Acroneuroptila Baccetti, 1960
- Acrophonus Bolívar, 1910
- Adenophallusia de Mello & de Camargo E Mello, 1996
- Adenopterus Chopard, 1951
- Aenigmaphonus Gorochov, 2010
- Afroteleogryllus Gorochov, 1988
- Afrotruljalia Gorochov, 2005
- Agnotecous Saussure, 1878
- Agryllus Gorochov, 1994
- Ahldreva Otte, 1988
- Ajorama Otte, 1988
- Allogryllus Chopard, 1925
- Allopterites Cockerell, 1920
- Allotrella Gorochov, 2006
- Amblyrhethus Kirby, 1906
- Amnesibulus Gorochov, 2003
- Anaudus Saussure, 1874
- Andeogryllus Cadena-Castañeda, 2021
- Angolagryllus Otte, 1994
- Angustitrella Gorochov, 2011
- Anisotrypus Saussure, 1878
- Antillicharis Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009
- Antillobinthus Yong & Desutter-Grandcolas, 2020
- Anurogryllus Saussure, 1877
- Apedina Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Apentacentrus Chopard, 1934
- Aphasius Saussure, 1878
- Aphemogryllus Rehn, 1918
- 長鬚蟋屬 Aphonoides Chopard, 1940
- Aphonomorphus Rehn, 1903
- Apiculatus Yuan et al., 2022
- Apiotarsoides Chopard, 1931
- Apiotarsus Saussure, 1877
- Apterocryncus Gorochov, 1990
- Apterogryllus Saussure, 1877
- Apterosvercus Gorochov, 1992
- Araripegryllus Martins-Neto, 1987
- Archenopterus Otte, 1987
- Arilpa Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Aritella Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Arrakis Robillard, Tan & Su, 2024[5]
- 靜蟋屬 Asonicogryllus He, 2019
- Astriduleva Gorochov, 2016
- Astrupia Otte, 1987
- Asymmetriola Gorochov, 2010
- Atrella Gorochov, 2003
- Atruljalia Gorochov, 1988
- Atrullus Gorochov, 2001
- Atsigryllus Cadena-Castañeda & Tíjaro, 2020
- Avdrenia Otte, 1988
- Barota Gorochov, 2017
- Bejorama Otte, 1988
- 貝蟋屬 Beybienkoana Gorochov, 1988
- Birmanioecanthus Yuan et al., 2022
- Birubia Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Bofana Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009
- Bornitara Gorochov, 1997
- Brachyteleogryllus Gorokhov, 1985
- Brachytrupes Serville, 1838
- Brasilodontus de Mello, 1992
- Brazitrypa Gorochov, 2011
- Brevimunda Gorochov, 2007
- Brevitrella Gorochov, 2004
- Brontogryllus Martins-Neto, 1991
- Buangina Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Burrianus Chopard, 1962
- 短翅蟋屬 Callogryllus Sjöstedt, 1910
- Calscirtus Otte, 1987
- Calyptotrella Gorochov, 2002
- 穴蟋屬 Calyptotrypus Saussure, 1878
- 毛蟋屬 Capillogryllus Xie, Zheng & Liang, 2003
- 彎脈蟋屬 Cardiodactylus Saussure, 1878
- Carylla Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009
- Cearacesa Koçak & Kemal, 2010
- Centuriarus Robillard, 2011
- Cephalogryllus Chopard, 1925
- Clearidas Stål, 1876
- Coiblemmus Chopard, 1936
- Comidoblemmus Storozhenko & Paik, 2009
- Conatrullus Gorochov, 2001
- Conoblemmus Adelung, 1910
- Conogryllus Gorochov, 2001
- 聾蟋屬 Cophogryllus Saussure, 1877
- Copholandrevus Chopard, 1925
- Corixogryllus Bolívar, 1900
- Cratogryllus Martins-Neto, 1991
- Creolandreva Hugel, 2009
- Crockeriola Gorochov & Kostia, 1999
- Cryncoides Gorochov, 1988
- Crynculus Gorochov, 1996
- Cryncus Gorochov, 1983
- Cylindrogryllus Saussure, 1878
- Cyrtoprosopus Chopard, 1951
- Cyrtoxipha Saussure, 1873
- Daintria Otte, 1994
- Damaracheta Otte, 1987
- Danielottea Koçak & Kemal, 2009
- Deinutona Gorochov, 2008
- Depressogryllus Gorochov, 1988
- Depressotrella Gorochov, 2005
- Diatrellius Gorochov, 2003
- Diatrypa Saussure, 1874
- Dicerorostrum Gorochov, 2017
- Dinomunda Gorochov, 2007
- Discoptila Pantel, 1890
- Discozacla Gorokhov, 2003
- Dolichogryllus Bolívar, 1910
- Doroshenkoa Gorochov, 2004
- Drelanvus Chopard, 1930
- 幽蘭蟋屬 Duolandrevus Kirby, 1906
- Ectodrelanva Gorochov, 2000
- Ectotrypa Saussure, 1874
- Eleva Otte, 1988
- Endodrelanva Gorochov, 2000
- Endolandrevus Saussure, 1877
- Eneoptera Burmeister, 1838
- Eneopteroides Chopard, 1956
- Eneopterotrypus Zeuner, 1937
- Eogryllus Gorochov, 2012
- Eopentacentrus Gorochov, 2010
- Eubezverkhovia Gorochov & Izerskyy, 2020
- Eugialaia Gorochov, 2001
- Eugryllodes Chopard, 1927
- 優蘭蟋屬 Eulandrevus Gorochov, 1988
- Eumadasumma Chopard, 1934
- Eumodicogryllus Gorochov, 1986
- Eupodoscirtus Gorochov, 2004
- Eurepa Walker, 1869
- Eurepella Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Eurygryllodes Chopard, 1951
- Euscyrtodes Gorochov, 1987
- 纖蟋屬 Euscyrtus Guérin-Méneville, 1844
- Exomunda Gorochov, 2007
- Faguagryllus Cadena-Castañeda, 2011
- Fanzus Zessin, 2019
- Fijina Otte, 1988
- Fodigryllus He, 2022
- Fryerius Uvarov, 1940
- Furcimunda Gorochov, 2007
- Furcitrella Gorochov, 2002
- Ganoblemmus Karsch, 1893
- Gialaia Gorochov, 1994
- Gigagryllus Cadena-Castañeda & García García, 2020
- Ginidra Otte, 1988
- Glandulosa Harz, 1979
- Gnominthus Robillard & Vicente, 2015
- 啞蟋屬 Goniogryllus Chopard, 1936
- Grossoxipha Vickery & Poinar Jr., 1994
- Gryllaphonus Chopard, 1951
- Gryllapterus Bolívar, 1912
- Gryllidium Westwood, 1854
- Gryllita Hebard, 1935
- Gryllitara Chopard, 1932
- Gryllodeicus Chopard, 1939
- Grylloderes Bolívar, 1894
- 灶蟋屬 Gryllodes Saussure, 1874
- Gryllodinus Bolívar, 1927
- Gryllomimus Chopard, 1936
- Gryllomorpha Fieber, 1853
- Gryllomorphella Gorokhov, 1984
- Gryllophyllus Gorochov, 2017
- 干蟋屬 Gryllopsis Chopard, 1928
- Gryllospeculum Gorochov, 1985
- 蟋蟀屬 Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758
- 裸蟋屬 Gymnogryllus Saussure, 1877
- Hapithoides Hebard, 1928
- Hapithus Uhler, 1864
- Hemigryllus Saussure, 1877
- Hemilandreva Chopard, 1936
- Hemiphonoides Chopard, 1951
- Hemiphonus Saussure, 1878
- Hemitrella Gorochov, 2003
- Hemitruljalia Gorochov, 2005
- Hemitrullus Gorochov, 2001
- Heterecous Saussure, 1897
- Hispanogryllus Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009
- Holoblemmus Bolívar, 1925
- Homaloblemmus Saussure, 1877
- Homalogryllus Chopard, 1925
- Homalotrypus Brancsik, 1895
- Hymenoptila Chopard, 1943
- Idiotrella Gorochov, 2002
- Indigryllus Robillard & Jaiswara, 2019
- Indotrella Gorochov, 2003
- Insulascirtus Otte & Rentz, 1985
- 額蟋屬 Itara Walker, 1869
- Itarogryllus Gorochov, 2020
- Itaropsis Chopard, 1925
- Jabulania Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009
- Jarawasia Koçak & Kemal, 2008
- Jareta Otte, 1988
- Jorama Otte, 1988
- Julverninthus Robillard & Su, 2018
- Kazuemba de Mello, 1990
- Kilimagryllus Sjöstedt, 1910
- Knyella Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009
- Kotama Otte, 1988
- Kurtguentheria Gorochov, 1996
- Laminogryllus Gorochov, 2003
- 蘭蟋屬 Landreva Walker, 1869
- Lasiogryllus Chopard, 1930
- Laurellia Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009
- Laureopsis Jaiswara, 2017
- Laurepa Walker, 1869
- 雷蟋屬 Lebinthus Stål, 1877
- Lebussa Walker, 1869
- Leleja Gorochov, 2016
- Lenigryllus Chopard, 1961
- Lepidogryllus Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Leptogryllus Perkins, 1899
- Liaonemobius Ren, 1998
- Ligypterus Saussure, 1878
- Liogryllus de Saussure, 1877
- Lissoblemmus Bolivar, 1881
- Lissotrachelus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
- Lithogryllites Cockerell, 1908
- Litogryllus Hebard, 1926
- Loxoblemmus Saussure, 1877
- Macrobinthus Robillard & Dong, 2016
- Macrogryllus Saussure, 1877
- Macroteleogryllus Gorokhov, 1985
- 瑪玳蟋屬 Madasumma Walker, 1869
- Majialandrevus He, 2021
- Malawitrella Gorochov, 2021
- Malgasotrella Gorochov, 2004
- Maluagryllus Otte, 1994
- Margarettia Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009
- Matuanus Gorochov, 1986
- Maxitara Gorochov, 2001
- Mayumbella Otte, 1987
- Megalogryllus Chopard, 1930
- Megatrella Gorochov, 2002
- 黑蟋屬 Melanogryllus Chopard, 1961
- Mellogryllus Cadena-Castañeda, Tavares & Fernandes, 2022
- Menatgryllus Schubnel, Desutter-Grandcolas, Garrouste, Hervet & Nel, 2020
- Menonia George, 1936
- Meristoblemmus Jones & Chopard, 1936
- Merrinella Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Mesoblemmus Bolivar, 1925
- Mexigryllus Gorochov, 2019
- Mexitrypa Gorochov, 2011
- Micritara Gorochov, 1997
- Microbinthus Robillard & Dong, 2016
- Microlandreva Chopard, 1958
- Mimicogryllus Gorochov, 1994
- Minizacla Gorokhov, 2003
- Miogryllae Cadena-Castaneda & Garcia Garcia, 2020
- Miogryllus Saussure, 1877
- Mirigryllus He, 2019
- Miripella Robillard, Tan & Su, 2024[5]
- Mirolotmia Gorochov, 2021
- Mistshenkoana Gorochov, 1990
- 素蟋屬 Mitius Gorochov, 1985
- Mitroblemmus Bolivar, 1925
- Mjobergella Chopard, 1925
- 闊脛蟋屬 Mnesibulus Stål, 1877
- 姬蟋屬 Modicogryllus Chopard, 1961
- Modicoides Otte & Cade, 1984
- Mombasina Otte, 1987
- Mongolospeculum Gorochov, 1985
- 美黛蟋屬 Munda Stål, 1877
- Mundeicus Chopard, 1951
- Myara Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Najtaecesa Desutter-Grandcolas, 2017
- Nanaripegryllus Martins-Neto, 2002
- Natalogryllus Gorochov & Mostovski, 2008
- Nemobiodes Chopard, 1917
- Nemobiopsis Bolívar, 1890
- 新灶蟋屬 Neogryllodes Otte, 1994
- Neogryllopsis Otte, 1983
- Neotrellius Gorochov, 1992
- Neova Otte, 1988
- Neoxabea Kirby, 1906
- Neozvenella Gorochov, 2004
- Nessa Walker, 1869
- Ngamarlanguia Rentz & Su, 1996
- 墨蟋屬 Nigrogryllus Gorochov, 1983
- Nimbagryllus Otte, 1987
- Nisitrus Saussure, 1878
- Noctitara Gorochov, 1997
- Noctitrella Gorochov, 1990
- Notosciobia Chopard, 1915
- Ocellonemobius Gorokhov, 1984
- Odontogryllodes Chopard, 1969
- Odontogryllodes angulatus Gorochov, 2016
- Odontogryllodes brevicauda Chopard, 1969
- Odontogryllodes gratus Tan & Kamaruddin, 2016
- Odontogryllodes latus Chopard, 1969
- Odontogryllodes magnus Tan, Japir & Chung, 2024[6]
- Odontogryllodes rotundatus Gorochov, 2016
- Odontogryllodes spinifer Tan, Japir, Chung & Robillard, 2022
- Odontogryllodes stenus Gorochov, 2000
- Odontogryllus Saussure, 1877
- Oecanthodes Toms & Otte, 1988
- Oecanthus Serville, 1831
- Oediblemmus Saussure, 1898
- Oligacheta Chopard, 1961
- Ombrotrella Gorochov, 2006
- Omogryllus Otte, 1987
- Ontogryllus Gorochov, 2019
- Oreolandreva Chopard, 1945
- Orthoxiphus Saussure, 1899
- Osus Gorokhov, 1987
- Otteana Gorochov, 1990
- Ovaliptila Gorochov, 2006
- Ovaloptila Gorochov, 2006
- Pachyaphonus Chopard, 1954
- Papava Otte, 1988
- Paputona Gorochov, 2008
- Paralandrevus Saussure, 1877
- Paraloxoblemmus Karny, 1907
- Parametioche Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Parametrypa Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1873
- Paranaudus Saussure, 1878
- Paranaxipha Chopard, 1925
- Paranisitra Chopard, 1925
- Paranurogryllus Mesa & García-Novo, 1999
- 擬長蟋屬 Parapentacentrus Shiraki, 1930
- Paraphasius Chopard, 1927
- Paraphonus Hebard, 1928
- Parasciobia Chopard, 1935
- Parasongella Otte, 1987
- Paroecanthus Saussure, 1859
- Patiscodes Gorochov, 1988
- 長額蟋屬 Patiscus Stål, 1877
- Peltia Gorochov, 1986
- Pendleburyella Chopard, 1969
- Pendleburyella eirmosa Tan, Muhammad & Wahab, 2023
- Pendleburyella eremita Tan, Japir & Chung, 2024[7]
- Pendleburyella pimela Tan, Muhammad & Wahab, 2023
- Pendleburyella testacea Chopard, 1969
- Pendleburyella vicina Chopard, 1969
- Pentacentrodes Bolívar, 1910
- 長蟋屬 Pentacentrus Saussure, 1878
- Peratrullus Gorochov, 2001
- Perugryllus Jaiswara, 2017
- Perutrella Gorochov, 2011
- Petaloptila Pantel, 1890
- Pezoloxoblemmus Karny, 1907
- Phaephilacris
- Phantazacla Gorokhov, 2003
- Pherodactylus Poinar Jr., Su & Brown, 2020
- Pholeogryllus Chopard, 1923
- 音蟋屬 Phonarellus Gorochov, 1983
- Phormincter Saussure, 1878
- Phyllogryllus Saussure, 1878
- 葉蟋屬 Phyllotrella Gorochov, 1988
- Picinguaba Mello, 1990
- Pictonenbius
- Pictorina Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Pixibinthus Robillard & Anso, 2016
- Pixipterus Desutter-Grandcolas, 2016
- Platyblemmus Audinet-Serville, 1838
- Platygryllus Chopard, 1961
- 鉑蟋屬 Plebeiogryllus Randell, 1964
- 雨蟋屬 Pluviam He, Ma & Zhang, 2021
- Podogryllus Karsch, 1893
- Podoscirtodes Chopard, 1956
- Podoscirtus Serville, 1838
- Poliogryllus Gorochov, 1984
- Poliotrella Gorochov, 1988
- Ponca Hebard, 1928
- Posus Bolívar, 1890
- Proanaxipha Vickery & Poinar Jr., 1994
- Proararipegryllus Gorochov & Coram, 2022
- Prodiatrypa Desutter-Grandcolas, 1988
- Proecanthus Sharov, 1968
- Proeneopterotrypus Gorochov, 2019
- Prognathogryllus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895
- Progoniogryllus Ma, Jing & Zheng, 2021
- Prolandreva Gorochov, 2005
- Pronemobius Scudder, 1890
- Protomunda Gorochov, 2007
- Proturana Otte, 1987
- Prozvenella Gorochov, 2002
- Pseudocoiblemmus Gorochov, 2001
- Pseudolebinthus Robillard, 2006
- 偽瑪玳蟋屬 Pseudomadasumma Shiraki, 1930
- Pseudotruljalia Gorochov, 2005
- Pseudounka Gorochov, 2008
- 秦蟋屬 Qingryllus Chen & Zheng, 1995
- Regoza Gorochov & Kostia, 1999
- Repapa Otte, 1988
- Rhabdotogryllus Chopard, 1954
- Riatina Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Rufocephalus Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Rugabinthus Robillard & Tan, 2022
- Rupilius Stål, 1876
- Sabelo Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009
- Salmanites Chopard, 1951
- Scapsipedoides Chopard, 1936
- Scapsipedus Saussure, 1877
- Scepastus Gerstaecker, 1863
- Sciobia Burmeister, 1838
- 鐵蟋屬 Sclerogryllus Gorochov, 1985
- Selvagryllus Otte, 2006
- Semaphorellus Gorochov, 1983
- Sharovella Gorochov, 1985
- Siccotrella Gorochov, 2011
- Sigagryllus Otte & Cade, 1984
- Sigeva Otte, 1988
- Singapuriola Gorochov & Tan, 2012
- Singitara Gorochov, 1997
- Sipho Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009
- Solepa Otte, 1988
- Somnambula Gorochov, 2017
- Songella Otte, 1987
- 隱蟋屬 Sonotrella Gorochov, 1988
- Sphecogryllus Chopard, 1933
- Spinogryllus Vasanth, 1993
- Spinolandrevus Gorochov, 1999
- Spinotrella Gorochov, 2004
- Spiraphonus Gorochov, 2010
- Squamigryllus Gorochov, 2001
- Stenaphonus Saussure, 1878
- Stenoecanthus Chopard, 1912
- Stenogryllodes Chopard, 1936
- Stenogryllus Saussure, 1878
- Stenotrella Gorochov, 2005
- Stephoblemmus Saussure, 1877
- Stilbogryllus Gorochov, 1983
- Stilbonemobius Gorochov, 1984
- Striduleva Gorochov, 2016
- Sulawemina Gorochov, 2016
- Surdolandrevus Gorochov, 2003
- Sutepia Otte, 1988
- Svercacheta Gorochov, 1993
- Svercoides Gorochov, 1990
- Svercus Gorochov, 1988
- Swezwilderia Chopard, 1929
- Taciturna Otte, 1987
- Tafalisca Walker, 1869
- Tamborina Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Tapinopus Saussure, 1878
- 大蟋屬 Tarbinskiellus Gorochov, 1983
- Taroba de Mello & Souza-Dias, 2010
- 悍蟋屬 Tartarogryllus Tarbinsky, 1940
- 油葫蘆屬 Teleogryllus Chopard, 1961
- Thaumatogryllus Perkins, 1899
- Thiernogryllus Roy, 1969
- Thliptoblemmus Saussure, 1898
- Titanogryllus Jaiswara, Souza-Dias, Desutter-Grandcolas & de Mello, 2018
- Tozeria Otte & Alexander, 1983
- 碲蟋屬 Trelleora Gorochov, 1988
- Trichogryllus Chopard, 1936
- Trigonidomimus Caudell, 1912
- 片蟋屬 Truljalia Gorochov, 1985
- Trullus Gorochov, 1999
- Tugainus Gorochov, 1986
- Tumpalia Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Turana Otte & Alexander, 1983
- 特蟋屬 Turanogryllus Tarbinsky, 1940
- Tympanogryllus Gorochov, 2001
- Ultratrella Gorochov, 2004
- Umbulgaria Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Unka Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Utona Gorochov, 1986
- Valchica de Mello, 1992
- 維蟋屬 Valiatrella Gorochov, 2005
- Varitrella Gorochov, 2003
- Vasilia Gorochov, 1988
- Velapia Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009
- 斗蟋屬 Velarifictorus Randell, 1964
- Veredatrypa Campos, 2020
- Vescelotrellius Gorochov, 1999
- Vietacheta Gorochov, 1992
- Viphyus Otte, 1988
- Walkerana Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009
- Xabea Walker, 1869
- 金蟋屬 Xenogryllus Bolívar, 1890
- Xuanwua He & Gorochov, 2015
- Xulavuna de Mello & Campos, 2014
- Yarrita Otte & Alexander, 1983
- Yarrubura de Mello & Campos, 2014
- Zamunda Gorochov, 2007
- Zatrellius Gorochov, 1999
- Zebragryllus Desutter-Grandcolas & Cadena-Castañeda, 2014
- 茨尾蟋屬 Zvenella Gorochov, 1988
- Zvenellomorpha Gorochov, 2004
與蝗蟲、螽斯的分別
[編輯]蟋蟀與蝗蟲、螽斯皆為直翅目昆蟲,蟈蟈是指螽斯,蛐蛐是指蟋蟀,但體態仍有不同之處:
- 蝗蟲的觸角最短,螽斯的觸角又比蟋蟀更長。螽斯的觸角長度甚至比身體更長。
- 蟋蟀和螽斯是依靠翅膀的摩擦發聲。但蟋蟀右翅疊在左翅上,螽斯左翅往往疊在右翅上面。蝗蟲則以其後腿摩擦翅膀發出聲音。
- 蝗蟲和螽斯生活於草地、草叢間,有綠色和褐色二種,蟋蟀生活於地面石礫間,顏色趨於暗褐色。
文化
[編輯]中國有把蟋蟀作為寵物養在小籠子裏的文化,在西班牙、葡萄牙亦然,南宋《西湖老人繁盛錄》載:「促織盛出,都民好養,或以銀絲為籠,或作樓台為籠,……」。更有人用蟋蟀作為其他食肉類動物的飼料。
中國最早有《詩經》「十月蟋蟀,入我床下」的描寫。在中國等國家流行鬥蟋蟀為樂,唐朝《開元天寶遺事》記載:「宮中秋興,妃妾輩皆以小金籠貯蟋蟀,置於枕畔,夜聽其聲,庶民之家亦效之」。顧逢《負曝雜錄·禽蟲善斗》條云: 「父老傳:斗蛩亦始於天寶間。長安富人鏤象牙為籠而畜之。以萬金之資,付之一啄。其來遠矣。」。宋朝宰相賈似道整日和群妾蹲跪在地上鬥蟋蟀,《類書纂要》曰:「賈似道於半閒堂鬥蟋蟀。」更荒唐者賈還帶蟋蟀上朝議政,甚至曾經發生蟋蟀自賈水袖內跳出,最後竟跳黏到皇帝鬍鬚上鬧劇;賈似道還編寫了一本「促織經」[8],講述自己養蟋蟀和鬥蟋蟀的經驗,《促織三拗》云:「贏叫輸不叫,一也;雌上雄背,二也;過蜑有力,三也。」,昆蟲學史專家鄒樹文稱:「這個對於蟋蟀交配習性的發現不論其是宋或明,其記述之早均可稱述。」[9]《促織經》也是世界研究蟋蟀的第一部專著[10]。
明朝鬥蟋蟀的風氣最盛,宣宗朱瞻基時家家戶戶皆捕養促織,鬥促織場也比比皆是。沈德符《萬曆野獲編》載:「吳越浪子,有酷此戲,每賭勝負,輒數百金,至有破家者」。呂毖《明朝小史》記清秋吟蟋蟀,早聞物華兩個黃鸝鳴「宣宗酷愛促織之戲,遣使取之偶之意,又是博物史不記其斗蟋江南,價貴至數十金。楓橋一糧等等。賈似道華博之有人」。
清朝蒲松齡所寫《促織》為宣德皇帝尋蟋蟀;王應奎《柳南續筆》卷一《蟋蟀相公》條稱:「馬士英在弘光朝,為人極似賈積壑,其聲色貨利無一不同。羽書倉皇,猶以鬥蟋蟀為戲,一時目為『蟋蟀相公』。」
當代熊召政的《張居正》第二十九回曾以大量的篇幅描寫當時的盛況,並提到調養之法:「用籬落上斷節蟲,再配上扁擔蟲,一起烘乾研和餵之,再用薑汁濃茶配以銅壺中浸過三日的童便作為飲品,如此調養七日,黑寡婦仍驍勇如初」。
還有地方將生蟋蟀當作小吃供人食用。在泰國、柬埔寨等國家,也有將蟋蟀用油炸的烹飪方式製成食品。[11][12]
中國大陸一些城市有專門的蟋蟀協會,組織鬥蟋大賽。
台灣的臺南市新化區豐榮里,當地居民每年都會利用學校放暑假時,舉辦熱鬧的「鬥蟋蟀」大賽。
蟋蟀也是肉食性兩爬和寵物鳥的主食。
蟋蟀書籍
[編輯]- 《促織經》宋,賈似道(原著今不傳,現在見到的是明人周履靖的續增本。詳細地介紹了捕捉、收買、餵養、鬥勝、醫傷、治病、繁殖等方法。)
- 《畜促織》明,袁宏道
- 《促織志》明,劉侗著
- 《促織經》清,金文錦
- 《蟋蟀秘要》清,石蓮
- 《蟋蟀譜》清,朱翠庭輯
- 《促織經》清,金六(音伊)廠刪定
- 《蚟孫鑒》清,朱從延纂輯、林德垓、莊樂耕重訂
- 《蟋蟀譜》近代,李文翀,1930年出版
- 《蟋蟀譜》近代,李石孫、徐元禮,1930年出版(全書十二卷,盆圖一卷,卷首一卷,譜十卷。)
參考資料
[編輯]- ^ Family Gryllidae (Laicharting, 1781). Orthoptera Species File. [2015-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-08).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 蔣宗孚. 神采飞扬斗“蹔𧉆”. 新民晚報. 2012-09-19 [2014-08-19]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-02).
蹔𧉆【she jik】。蹔,《玉篇》走部才濫切:「蹔,超忽而疾也。𧉆,《廣韻》入聲質韻資悉切:「蹔𧉆,蜻蛚別名。《詩經·唐風》疏:「蟋蟀,一名蜻蛚。」
- ^ 蟋蟀温度表 - 人民教育出版社网,小学科学实验. [2010-09-25]. (原始內容存檔於2007-11-09).
- ^ Gryllidae. GBIF. [2023-07-05]. (原始內容存檔於2023-04-01).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Shilin He, You Ning Su, Ming Kai Tan, Andreas Zwick, Ben H. Warren and Tony Robillard. 2024. Museomics, Molecular Phylogeny and Systematic Revision of the Eurepini Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Eneopterinae), with Description of Two New Genera. Systematic Entomology. DOI: 10.1111/syen.12622
- ^ Ming Kai Tan, Amira Aqilah Muhammad, Nurul Ashikin Abdullah, Razy Japir and Arthur Y.C. Chung. 2024. A Taxonomic Review of Odontogryllodes Chopard, 1969 (Gryllidae: Landrevinae). Zootaxa. 5410(2); 267-279. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5410.2.7
- ^ Ming Kai Tan, Razy Japir and Arthur Y.C. Chung. 2024. New Species of the elusive crickets from the Genus Pendleburyella Chopard, 1969 (Gryllidae, Pentacentrinae) from Sabah, Borneo. Zootaxa. 5397(2); 264-272. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5397.2.7
- ^ 喻長霖《民國台州府志·藝文略》(卷七十三)載:「《促織經》,宋賈似道撰。似道有《奇奇集》,已著錄是書。見《千頃堂書目》及倪燦《宋史·藝文略補》。」
- ^ 《中國昆蟲學史》147頁
- ^ 周琦:〈《促織經》:世界第一部關於蟋蟀研究的昆蟲學專著〉
- ^ 柬埔寨人把蟋蟀当作头等小吃(图),新浪网. [2010-09-25]. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-08).
- ^ 昆虫食客 - 华尔街日报专栏文章. [2010-09-25]. (原始內容存檔於2010-09-25).
參考文獻
[編輯]- Gorochov, Andrej V.; Mostovski, Mike B. Apterous Crickets of the Tribe Gryllini from South Africa and Namibia (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). African Invertebrates. 2008-06, 49 (1): 109-121 [2022-11-12]. ISSN 1681-5556. doi:10.5733/afin.049.0103. (原始內容存檔於2022-11-12).
- Ryan, Lisa Gail. Insect Musicians & Cricket Champions: A Cultural History of Singing Insects in China and Japan. China Books. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8351-2576-5 (英語).
- Huber, Franz; Moore, Thomas Edwin; Loher, Werner. Cricket Behavior and Neurobiology. Cornell University Press. 1989 [2022-11-12]. ISBN 978-0-8014-2272-0. (原始內容存檔於2022-11-12) (英語).
外部連結
[編輯]- 台南縣政府觀光旅遊網「新化鬥蟋蟀」
- The cricket suicide
- Intro on house crickets
- Singing Insects of North America An online field guide
- house cricket(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
- tropical house cricket(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
- field crickets, Gryllus spp.(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
- Web article: The recent evolution of a population of silent Hawaiian crickets(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) WhyFiles.org
- "Tuning in to Cricket Radio"(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), John Himmelman, Berfrois(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
延伸閱讀
[編輯][在維基數據編輯]