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Drosha

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Drosha酶
已知的結構
PDB直系同源搜尋: PDBe RCSB
識別號
別名DROSHA;, ETOHI2, HSA242976, RANSE3L, RN3, RNASE3L, RNASEN, drosha ribonuclease III
外部IDOMIM608828 MGI1261425 HomoloGene8293 GeneCardsDROSHA
基因位置(人類
5號染色體
染色體5號染色體[1]
5號染色體
Drosha酶的基因位置
Drosha酶的基因位置
基因座5p13.3起始31,400,494 bp[1]
終止31,532,196 bp[1]
RNA表達模式
查閱更多表達數據
直系同源
物種人類小鼠
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
mRNA​序列

NM_001100412
​NM_013235
​NM_001382508

NM_001130149
​NM_026799

蛋白序列

NP_001093882
​NP_037367
​NP_001369437

NP_001123621
​NP_081075

基因位置​(UCSC)Chr 5: 31.4 – 31.53 MbChr 15: 12.82 – 12.94 Mb
PubMed​查找[3][4]
維基數據
檢視/編輯人類檢視/編輯小鼠

Drosha是一種RNA酶III[5],在人類基因組中由5號染色體上的DROSHA基因(舊稱RNASEN)編碼[6][7][8],於2000年被克隆發表,最初被發現為切割rRNA前驅物(pre-rRNA)的一種RNA酶[9],現已知其主要功能為在miRNA生成的初期切割miRNA的前驅物,此蛋白可與DGCR8蛋白組成微加工複合體英語Microprocessor complex[10],將DNA轉錄產生的pri-miRNA切割成長約70nt的pre-miRNA,後者可再由Dicer切割產生成熟的miRNA[11]。Drosha、Dicer與其他參與miRNA生成的蛋白之表現量與某些癌症相關[12]

功能

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miRNA生成過程與RNA干擾示意圖
Drosha與兩個DGCR8組成的微加工複合體結構

RNA酶III皆為切割雙股RNA的RNA內切酶,其中Drosha在細胞核中參與miRNA前驅物切割的初始步驟[8][11]。miRNA的生成過程最初是由RNA聚合酶II轉錄產生可長達數kb、具5′端帽多腺苷酸尾初級轉錄本英語primary transcriptpri-miRNA(初級miRNA)[13][14],其受Drosha切割後會形成長約70nt、且3′端具2個突出鹼基(overhang)的pre-miRNA(前miRNA)。pre-miRNA可與XPO5英語XPO5蛋白結合,由細胞核被送入細胞質中,其3′端的突出鹼基可被另一種RNA酶IIIDicer所識別,後者可再將pre-miRNA切割成長22nt的雙股RNA,其中的一股即是成熟的miRNA,可與RNA誘導沉默複合體(RISC)結合而進行RNA干擾,切割目標mRNA或抑制其轉譯以達成基因靜默的效果[15]

Drosha切割pri-miRNA時會與兩個RNA結合蛋白DGCR8共同組成稱為微加工複合體英語Microprocessor complex蛋白三聚體[16][17][18][19],DGCR8在模式生物黑腹果蠅秀麗隱桿線蟲中稱為Pasha,即「Drosha的夥伴蛋白」(partner of Drosha)之簡稱[20],Drosha需在與DGCR8結合的情況下才能進行切割[21]。除必要的Drosha與DGCR8外,微加工複合體還可能包含EWSR1英語EWSR1異質核糖核蛋白英語Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particle、FUS與DEAD-BoxRNA解旋酶p68英語DDX5p72英語DDX17)等其他蛋白以幫助切割pri-miRNA[22][23],有些種類的pri-miRNA只有在特定輔助蛋白存在時才能被Drosha切割[24]

Drosha大多位於細胞核中,但也有些Drosha不含核定位序列(NLS)而位於細胞質中,稱為c-Drosha,可能以其他機制調控基因表達[25][26]。另外Drosha與Dicer也參與DNA修補[27]

少數miRNA以非典型的方式生成,不需經Drosha切割,此類miRNA稱為Mirtron英語Mirtron,編碼序列位於其他基因的內含子中,可隨該基因的mRNA轉錄後進行剪接時被切割形成pre-miRNA,因此不需依賴Drosha[28];此外,還有些miRNA(simtron)前驅物的切割仰賴Drosha,但不需DGCR8、XPO5與Dicer[29]

臨床意義

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Drosha等參與miRNA生成的蛋白表現量與某些癌症相關[12],例如某些種類的乳癌病患的Drosha與Dicer的表現量下降[30]癌症基因組圖譜中也顯示數種乳癌、大腸癌食道癌病患細胞質中的Drosha(即c-Drosha)表現量增加[25]

參考文獻

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000113360 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022191 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 
  4. ^ Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 
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  6. ^ Filippov V, Solovyev V, Filippova M, Gill SS. A novel type of RNase III family proteins in eukaryotes. Gene. 2000, 245 (1): 213–21. PMID 10713462. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00571-5. 
  7. ^ Wu H, Xu H, Miraglia LJ, Crooke ST. Human RNase III is a 160-kDa protein involved in preribosomal RNA processing. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000, 275 (47): 36957–65. PMID 10948199. doi:10.1074/jbc.M005494200可免費查閱. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Entrez Gene: RNASEN ribonuclease III, nuclear. 
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  21. ^ Han J, Lee Y, Yeom KH, Nam JW, Heo I, Rhee JK, Sohn SY, Cho Y, Zhang BT, Kim VN. Molecular basis for the recognition of primary microRNAs by the Drosha-DGCR8 complex. Cell. 2006, 125 (5): 887–901. PMID 16751099. S2CID 453021. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.043可免費查閱. 
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  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Dai L, Chen K, Youngren B, Kulina J, Yang A, Guo Z; et al. Cytoplasmic Drosha activity generated by alternative splicing.. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016, 44 (21): 10454–10466. PMC 5137420可免費查閱. PMID 27471035. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw668. 
  26. ^ Francia S, Michelini F, Saxena A, Tang D, de Hoon M, Anelli V, Mione M, Carninci P, d'Adda di Fagagna F. Site-specific DICER and DROSHA RNA products control the DNA-damage response. Nature. 2012, 488 (7410): 231–5. PMC 3442236可免費查閱. PMID 22722852. doi:10.1038/nature11179. 
  27. ^ Ruby, JG; Jan, CH; Bartel, DP. Intronic microRNA precursors that bypass Drosha processing. Nature. 2007, 448 (7149): 83–6. Bibcode:2007Natur.448...83R. PMC 2475599可免費查閱. PMID 17589500. doi:10.1038/nature05983. 
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外部連結

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