錯誤資訊

錯誤資訊（英語：Misinformation）是假的或是會造成誤導的資訊^[1]^[2]。錯誤資訊和造假資訊（Disinformation）不同，錯誤資訊雖有誤或不準確，但散播者不一定有意要誤導大眾，而造假資訊是刻意誤導大眾，並且進行傳播的資訊^[3]^[4]^[5]。早期對錯誤資訊的定義集中在明顯錯誤、不正確或是不真實的敘述^[6]，因此對錯誤資訊比較狹義的定義是指其資料來源不準確、不完整或是錯誤^[7]。不過近來對錯誤資訊的定義集中在欺騙，而不只是資訊的不準確^[8]，其原因是在於錯誤資訊可能包括謊言、選擇性的事實，以及片面事實^[9]。

有關修正錯誤資訊的研究着重在事實查核^[10]，不過雖可以針對新聞進行事實查核，但無法對信念進行事實查核^[11]，而且研究指出事實查核會有反效果^[12]。其他研究指出人們容易受到錯誤資訊影響的原因。人們比較容易相信錯誤資訊，因為他們和所看的、所聽的內容有情感上的連結。社群媒體讓社會大眾可以隨時獲得資訊，而且讓許多人一下子就因為其所得到的資訊而連結^[13]。科技的進步改變人們交流資訊的方式，也改變了錯誤資訊傳播的方式^[10]。錯誤資訊會衝擊大眾接受資訊的能力，因此也會影響社群、政治以及醫學等領域^[13]。

參考資料

^ Definition of misinformation. Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online. [2019-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2019-02-25）.
^ Fetzer, James H. Information: Does it Have To Be True?. Minds and Machines. 2004-05-01, 14 (2): 223–229. ISSN 1572-8641. S2CID 31906034. doi:10.1023/B:MIND.0000021682.61365.56 （英語）.
^ Woolley, Samuel C.; Howard, Philip N. Political Communication, Computational Propaganda, and Autonomous Agents. International Journal of Communication. 2016, 10: 4882–4890 [2019-10-22]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-22）.
^ Caramancion, Kevin Matthe. An Exploration of Disinformation as a Cybersecurity Threat. 2020 3rd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT). 2020: 440–444. ISBN 978-1-72817-283-5. S2CID 218651389. doi:10.1109/icict50521.2020.00076.
^ Fisher, Natascha A. Karlova, Karen E. A social diffusion model of misinformation and disinformation for understanding human information behaviour. informationr.net. 2013-03-15 [2023-05-11]. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-11）（英語）.
^ Lewandowsky, Stephan; Stritzke, Werner G. K.; Freund, Alexandra M.; Oberauer, Klaus; Krueger, Joachim I. Misinformation, disinformation, and violent conflict: From Iraq and the "War on Terror" to future threats to peace.. American Psychologist. October 2013, 68 (7): 487–501. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 24128313. doi:10.1037/a0034515 （英語）.
^ Fallis, Don. What Is Disinformation?. Library Trends. 2015, 63 (3): 401–426. ISSN 1559-0682. S2CID 13178809. doi:10.1353/lib.2015.0014. hdl:2142/89818 .
^ Chadwick, Andrew; Stanyer, James. Deception as a Bridging Concept in the Study of Disinformation, Misinformation, and Misperceptions: Toward a Holistic Framework. Communication Theory. 2021-10-20, 32 (1): 1–24. ISSN 1050-3293. doi:10.1093/ct/qtab019.
^ Diaz Ruiz, Carlos. Disinformation on digital media platforms: A market-shaping approach. New Media & Society. 2023-10-30 [2023-11-08]. ISSN 1461-4448. doi:10.1177/14614448231207644. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-05）（英語）.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Lewandowsky, Stephan; Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Seifert, Colleen M.; Schwarz, Norbert; Cook, John. Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2012, 13 (3): 106–131. JSTOR 23484653. PMID 26173286. S2CID 42633. doi:10.1177/1529100612451018 .
^ Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Nilsson, Tomas. Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates on Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing. 2022-08-08, 42: 18–35. ISSN 0743-9156. doi:10.1177/07439156221103852  （英語）.
^ Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason. When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions. Political Behavior. 2010-06-01, 32 (2): 303–330. ISSN 1573-6687. doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2 （英語）.
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 Aral, Sinan. The hype machine : how social media disrupts our elections, our economy, and our health--and how we must adapt First. New York. 2020. ISBN 978-0-525-57451-4. OCLC 1155486056. ^{[頁碼請求]}

[1] Definition of misinformation. Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online. [2019-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2019-02-25）.

[2] Fetzer, James H. Information: Does it Have To Be True?. Minds and Machines. 2004-05-01, 14 (2): 223–229. ISSN 1572-8641. S2CID 31906034. doi:10.1023/B:MIND.0000021682.61365.56 （英語）.

[3] Woolley, Samuel C.; Howard, Philip N. Political Communication, Computational Propaganda, and Autonomous Agents. International Journal of Communication. 2016, 10: 4882–4890 [2019-10-22]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-22）.

[:3-4] Caramancion, Kevin Matthe. An Exploration of Disinformation as a Cybersecurity Threat. 2020 3rd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT). 2020: 440–444. ISBN 978-1-72817-283-5. S2CID 218651389. doi:10.1109/icict50521.2020.00076.

[5] Fisher, Natascha A. Karlova, Karen E. A social diffusion model of misinformation and disinformation for understanding human information behaviour. informationr.net. 2013-03-15 [2023-05-11]. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-11）（英語）.

[6] Lewandowsky, Stephan; Stritzke, Werner G. K.; Freund, Alexandra M.; Oberauer, Klaus; Krueger, Joachim I. Misinformation, disinformation, and violent conflict: From Iraq and the "War on Terror" to future threats to peace.. American Psychologist. October 2013, 68 (7): 487–501. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 24128313. doi:10.1037/a0034515 （英語）.

[:42-7] Fallis, Don. What Is Disinformation?. Library Trends. 2015, 63 (3): 401–426. ISSN 1559-0682. S2CID 13178809. doi:10.1353/lib.2015.0014. hdl:2142/89818 .

[8] Chadwick, Andrew; Stanyer, James. Deception as a Bridging Concept in the Study of Disinformation, Misinformation, and Misperceptions: Toward a Holistic Framework. Communication Theory. 2021-10-20, 32 (1): 1–24. ISSN 1050-3293. doi:10.1093/ct/qtab019.

[9] Diaz Ruiz, Carlos. Disinformation on digital media platforms: A market-shaping approach. New Media & Society. 2023-10-30 [2023-11-08]. ISSN 1461-4448. doi:10.1177/14614448231207644. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-05）（英語）.

[:11-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Lewandowsky, Stephan; Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Seifert, Colleen M.; Schwarz, Norbert; Cook, John. Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2012, 13 (3): 106–131. JSTOR 23484653. PMID 26173286. S2CID 42633. doi:10.1177/1529100612451018 .

[:4-11] Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Nilsson, Tomas. Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates on Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing. 2022-08-08, 42: 18–35. ISSN 0743-9156. doi:10.1177/07439156221103852  （英語）.

[12] Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason. When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions. Political Behavior. 2010-06-01, 32 (2): 303–330. ISSN 1573-6687. doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2 （英語）.

[:05-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Aral, Sinan. The hype machine : how social media disrupts our elections, our economy, and our health--and how we must adapt First. New York. 2020. ISBN 978-0-525-57451-4. OCLC 1155486056. ^{[頁碼請求]}

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參考資料