太空農業是指在太空或地外天體上種植糧食作物和其他物質，例如在月球上進行農業。

在月球或火星等天體上進行農業生產，與在空間站或太空殖民地進行農業生產有許多相似之處。然而，在行星上耕作可能會受到微重力或過大重力的困擾，這取決於天體的大小。每種環境對太空農業過程的投入可用性都有差異：植物生長所需的無機物、土壤介質、日照、二氧化碳、氮和氧的相對可用性等等。

簡介

為空間站或其他宇宙飛船提供長期補給是昂貴的。在國際空間站上的一名航天員每天要消耗1.8千克的食物與包裝袋^[1]。對於長期任務來說，四人一組的三年旅程，他們需要的補給質量便高達11,000公斤（24,000英磅）^[1]。

由於再補給的成本和再補給星際飛行任務的不切實際，太空農業有着是令人難以置信的吸引力。太空農場的存在將有助於創造一個可持續的環境，因為植物可以用來回收廢水、產生氧氣、持續淨化空氣，以及回收空間站或宇宙飛船上的糞便^[2]。僅僅10平方米的農作物就可以產生一個人日需求量的25% ，或者說大約180-210克氧氣^[3]。本質上，太空農場將宇宙飛船變成了一個人工生態系統，具有水循環和養分循環^[4]。

除了能夠節省補給與降低飛船的總質量，太空中的農業也可以補充長期旅行中宇航員的維生素缺失與提供提供既新鮮又口感好的食物給宇航員。目前，大多數宇航員的食物在食用前會被冷凍乾燥或加熱處理。這些方式可以保存大多數營養物質。然而，長期儲存可能會致使營養物質的降解^[1]。一項2009年的研究顯示，僅僅一年的存儲便可能使維生素A，C和K與硫胺素和葉酸的含量顯著下降^[1]。

種植食物或進行養殖作業以來提供食物可能是早期太空殖民地的最勞動密集型和最主要的任務。美國宇航局正在研究如何實現太空農業^[5]^[6]。

技術挑戰

一系列的困難，包括低重力，稀少的陽光，低氣壓與增加的輻射都可能是進行太空農業的技術挑戰^[5]。雖然太空溫室可以解決以上許多問題，但建設太空溫室本身又會帶來新的技術挑戰^[7]^[8]。

在太空中的植物生長經歷微重力環境，而生長在火星表面的植物經歷的重力大約是地球上植物的1/3。由於種植者提供了定向光，植物的生長是正常的^[9]。正常生長方向分為相反的根和莖生長方向。儘管如此，許多在太空環境中生長的植物比在地球表面生長的植物小得多，而且生長速度較慢^[9]。

除了重力的不同影響，如果不加以保護，火星表面生長的植物將暴露在比地球上高得多的輻射水平之下。暴露在高水平的輻射下會損傷植物的DNA，這是由於高活性的羥基自由基作用於DNA^[10]。DNA損傷會直接影響植物的萌發、生長和繁殖。電離輻射還會影響光系統 II的功能，並可能導致功能喪失和產生負責光氧化的自由基^[11]。

火星表面的低壓環境也令人擔憂。低氣壓會影響植物的光合作用和蒸騰作用。然而，2006年的一項研究表明，維持較高的二氧化碳濃度可以減輕低至10千帕的減壓條件的影響，以實現正常的植物生長^[12]。

火星土壤含有植物生長所需的大部分礦物質，但活性氮除外，活性氮是有機物礦化的產物^[13]。由於火星表面缺乏有機物，因此缺乏活性氮。活性氮是植物生長所必需的土壤成分，細菌等固氮物種可能有助於提供活性氮。然而，2014年的一項研究表明，通過使用模擬土壤，植物能夠在火星和月球的土壤上發芽並存活50天。這就是說，只有四個實驗品種中的一個做得足夠好以實現完全的花形成。因此，人們需要更多的研究來實現作物完全的生長^[13]。

額外鏈接

國際空間站：太空農業的先行者（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
火星溫室（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
火星上的陽光：火星上有足夠的光照來種植西紅柿嗎？
屢獲殊榮的火星花園（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
低氣壓下的植物生物學（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），支持地球軌道、月球或火星植物生長設施

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Cooper, Maya; Douglas, Grace; Perchonok, Michele. Developing the NASA Food System for Long-Duration Missions. Journal of Food Science. 2011-03-01, 76 (2): R40–R48. ISSN 1750-3841. PMID 21535783. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01982.x  （英語）. Current ISS and Shuttle crewmembers receive about 1.8 kg of food plus packaging per person per day.
^ White Paper. The Space Agriculture Endeavour. Open Agriculture. 2016-05-26, 1 (1): 70–73. ISSN 2391-9531. doi:10.1515/opag-2016-0011 .
^ Kijk magazine 9/2015
^ Maggi, Federico; Pallud, Céline. Space agriculture in micro- and hypo-gravity: A comparative study of soil hydraulics and biogeochemistry in a cropping unit on Earth, Mars, the Moon and the space station. Planetary and Space Science. 2010-12, 58 (14-15) [2024-05-25]. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2010.09.025. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-23）（英語）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Moskowitz, Clara. Farming on Mars? NASA ponders food supply for 2030 mission. Fox News. 2013-05-15 [2014-05-18]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）.
^ Wheeler, Raymond M. Agriculture for Space: People and Places Paving the Way. Open Agriculture. 2017-02-10, 2 (1): 14–32. ISSN 2391-9531. doi:10.1515/opag-2017-0002 .
^ Schubert, D. Greenhouse production analysis of early mission scenarios for Moon and Mars habitats. Open Agriculture. 2017-04-05, 2 (1): 91–115. ISSN 2391-9531. doi:10.1515/opag-2017-0010 .
^ Zeidler, Conrad; Vrakking, Vincent; Bamsey, Matthew; Poulet, Lucie; Zabel, Paul; Schubert, Daniel; Paille, Christel; Mazzoleni, Erik; Domurath, Nico. Greenhouse Module for Space System: A Lunar Greenhouse Design. Open Agriculture. 2017-03-25, 2 (1): 116–132. ISSN 2391-9531. doi:10.1515/opag-2017-0011 .
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Paul, Anna-Lisa; Amalfitano, Claire E.; Ferl, Robert J. Plant growth strategies are remodeled by spaceflight. BMC Plant Biology. 2012-12-07, 12: 232. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 3556330 . PMID 23217113. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-12-232 .
^ Esnault, Marie-Andrée; Legue, Florence; Chenal, Christian. Ionizing radiation: Advances in plant response. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2010-05, 68 (3): 231–237. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.01.007 （英語）.
^ De Micco, Veronica; Arena, Carmen; Pignalosa, Diana; Durante, Marco. Effects of sparsely and densely ionizing radiation on plants. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2011-03, 50 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1007/s00411-010-0343-8.
^ Richards, Jeffrey T.; Corey, Kenneth A.; Paul, Anna-Lisa; Ferl, Robert J.; Wheeler, Raymond M.; Schuerger, Andrew C. Exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to Hypobaric Environments: Implications for Low-Pressure Bioregenerative Life Support Systems for Human Exploration Missions and Terraforming on Mars. Astrobiology. 2006-12-01, 6 (6): 851–866. Bibcode:2006AsBio...6..851R. ISSN 1531-1074. PMID 17155885. doi:10.1089/ast.2006.6.851.
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 Wamelink, G. W. Wieger; Frissel, Joep Y.; Krijnen, Wilfred H. J.; Verwoert, M. Rinie; Goedhart, Paul W. Can Plants Grow on Mars and the Moon: A Growth Experiment on Mars and Moon Soil Simulants. PLOS ONE. 2014-08-27, 9 (8): e103138. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j3138W. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4146463 . PMID 25162657. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103138 .
^ China's Chang'e-4 Is About to Land Living Eggs on the Far Side of the Moon. Inverse. 2019-01-02 [2024-06-02]. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-05）（英語）.
^ 嫦娥四号成功进行月面生物实验！月面长出第一株嫩芽. 觀察者網. [2024-06-02]. （原始內容存檔於2024-06-02）.
^ Lunar Plants （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） LPX Experiment. NASA. Accessed on 5 January 2019.
^ NASA's Next Frontier: Growing Plants On The Moon （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Tarun Wadhwa, Forbes. 2013.
^ EDEN ISS | Ground Demonstration of Plant Cultivation Technologies and Operation in Space. [2021-06-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-31）（美國英語）.
^ DLR - Institute of Space Systems - EDEN ISS. www.dlr.de. [2021-06-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-09）.

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Encyclopædia Britannica. "International Space Station." 2008. (5/14/2008) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/747712/International-Space-Station （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
"European Modular Cultivation System." European Space Agency. (5/14/2008) https://web.archive.org/web/20070813142020/http://spaceflight.esa.int/users/index.cfm?act=default.page&level=11&page=fac-iss-dest-emcs
Franzen, Harald. "Space Farming Presents Challenges." Scientific American. 4/11/2001. (5/12/2008) http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=space-farming-presents-ch
Halvorson, Todd. "Lettuce and LEDs: Shedding New Light On Space Farming." Space.com. 9/26/2001. (5/13/2008) http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/light_farming_010926.html （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）]
Katayami, N. et al. "Entomophagy; a key to space agriculture." Space Agriculture Task Force. (5/13/2008) [1]. ac.jp/space_agriculture/Archive/PDF/Insect_Eating_ASR2006-g. pdf+eating+insects+space+farming&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us&client =Firefox-a
Mansfield, Cheryl. "Orbiting Agriculture." John F. Kennedy Space Center. 10/20/2005. (5/14/2008) http://www.nasa.gov/missions/science/f_lada.html （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
"Molecular and Plant Physiological Analyses of the Microgravity Effects on Multigeneration Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana (Multigen)" ISS Program Scientist's Office. 3/21/2008. (5/14/2008) https://web.archive.org/web/20100918004023/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/ Multigen.html
"Photosynthesis Experiment and System Testing Operation (PESTO)." ISS Program Scientist's Office. 3/14/2008. (5/14/2008) https://web.archive.org/web/20100324005220/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/PESTO.html#top
"Plant Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (PGBA)." ISS Program Scientist's Office. 12/7/2007. (5/14/2008) https://web.archive.org/web/20100918004023/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/ PGBA.html
Quinn, Sheri. "Plants as Important in Space as on Earth." Voice of America 4/8/2008. (5/13/2008) http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/library/news/2008/space-080408-voa02.htm （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
The Kitchen Sisters. "Beyond Tang: Food in Space." NPR. 6/7/2007. (5/12/2008) https://www.npr.org/2007/06/07/10792763/beyond-tang-food-in-space （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
"The Optimization of Root Zone Substrates (ORZS) for Reduced Gravity Experiments Program." ISS Program Scientist's Office. 3/28/2008. (5/14/2008) https://web.archive.org/web/20100918004023/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/ORZS.html
"Threshold Acceleration for Gravisensing (Gravi)." ISS Program Scientist's Office. 1/11/2008. (5/14/2008) https://web.archive.org/web/20100918004023/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/Gravi.html

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Cooper, Maya; Douglas, Grace; Perchonok, Michele. Developing the NASA Food System for Long-Duration Missions. Journal of Food Science. 2011-03-01, 76 (2): R40–R48. ISSN 1750-3841. PMID 21535783. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01982.x  （英語）. Current ISS and Shuttle crewmembers receive about 1.8 kg of food plus packaging per person per day.

[2] White Paper. The Space Agriculture Endeavour. Open Agriculture. 2016-05-26, 1 (1): 70–73. ISSN 2391-9531. doi:10.1515/opag-2016-0011 .

[Kijk_magazine_9/2015-3] Kijk magazine 9/2015

[4] Maggi, Federico; Pallud, Céline. Space agriculture in micro- and hypo-gravity: A comparative study of soil hydraulics and biogeochemistry in a cropping unit on Earth, Mars, the Moon and the space station. Planetary and Space Science. 2010-12, 58 (14-15) [2024-05-25]. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2010.09.025. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-23）（英語）.

[fn20130515-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Moskowitz, Clara. Farming on Mars? NASA ponders food supply for 2030 mission. Fox News. 2013-05-15 [2014-05-18]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）.

[6] Wheeler, Raymond M. Agriculture for Space: People and Places Paving the Way. Open Agriculture. 2017-02-10, 2 (1): 14–32. ISSN 2391-9531. doi:10.1515/opag-2017-0002 .

[7] Schubert, D. Greenhouse production analysis of early mission scenarios for Moon and Mars habitats. Open Agriculture. 2017-04-05, 2 (1): 91–115. ISSN 2391-9531. doi:10.1515/opag-2017-0010 .

[8] Zeidler, Conrad; Vrakking, Vincent; Bamsey, Matthew; Poulet, Lucie; Zabel, Paul; Schubert, Daniel; Paille, Christel; Mazzoleni, Erik; Domurath, Nico. Greenhouse Module for Space System: A Lunar Greenhouse Design. Open Agriculture. 2017-03-25, 2 (1): 116–132. ISSN 2391-9531. doi:10.1515/opag-2017-0011 .

[:1-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Paul, Anna-Lisa; Amalfitano, Claire E.; Ferl, Robert J. Plant growth strategies are remodeled by spaceflight. BMC Plant Biology. 2012-12-07, 12: 232. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 3556330 . PMID 23217113. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-12-232 .

[10] Esnault, Marie-Andrée; Legue, Florence; Chenal, Christian. Ionizing radiation: Advances in plant response. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2010-05, 68 (3): 231–237. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.01.007 （英語）.

[11] De Micco, Veronica; Arena, Carmen; Pignalosa, Diana; Durante, Marco. Effects of sparsely and densely ionizing radiation on plants. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2011-03, 50 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1007/s00411-010-0343-8.

[12] Richards, Jeffrey T.; Corey, Kenneth A.; Paul, Anna-Lisa; Ferl, Robert J.; Wheeler, Raymond M.; Schuerger, Andrew C. Exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to Hypobaric Environments: Implications for Low-Pressure Bioregenerative Life Support Systems for Human Exploration Missions and Terraforming on Mars. Astrobiology. 2006-12-01, 6 (6): 851–866. Bibcode:2006AsBio...6..851R. ISSN 1531-1074. PMID 17155885. doi:10.1089/ast.2006.6.851.

[:3-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Wamelink, G. W. Wieger; Frissel, Joep Y.; Krijnen, Wilfred H. J.; Verwoert, M. Rinie; Goedhart, Paul W. Can Plants Grow on Mars and the Moon: A Growth Experiment on Mars and Moon Soil Simulants. PLOS ONE. 2014-08-27, 9 (8): e103138. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j3138W. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4146463 . PMID 25162657. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103138 .

[14] China's Chang'e-4 Is About to Land Living Eggs on the Far Side of the Moon. Inverse. 2019-01-02 [2024-06-02]. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-05）（英語）.

[15] 嫦娥四号成功进行月面生物实验！月面长出第一株嫩芽. 觀察者網. [2024-06-02]. （原始內容存檔於2024-06-02）.

[LPX_report-16] Lunar Plants （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） LPX Experiment. NASA. Accessed on 5 January 2019.

[Forbes_LPX_2013-17] NASA's Next Frontier: Growing Plants On The Moon （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Tarun Wadhwa, Forbes. 2013.

[18] EDEN ISS | Ground Demonstration of Plant Cultivation Technologies and Operation in Space. [2021-06-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-31）（美國英語）.

[19] DLR - Institute of Space Systems - EDEN ISS. www.dlr.de. [2021-06-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-09）.

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簡介

技術挑戰

額外鏈接

相關實驗

參考文獻