哲學大綱
這篇大綱是哲學的總覽和引導。
哲學是研究關於如存在、價值、理性、心靈、語言的普遍和基礎的學問。[1][2]它不同於別的研究這種基礎性問題的東西（如神秘主義、迷思或宗教），因為它具有批判性，有系統的研究方法，而且依賴理性論證。[3]它包含了對語言的邏輯分析，對詞語和概念的意義的澄清，是一套觀念，關於生命和宇宙的信念，而這些恰恰是我們常常不假思索地相信着的。「哲學」一詞，來自希臘語「菲羅索非亞」（φιλοσοφία），字面意義是「愛智慧」。[4][5][6]
哲學領域
[編輯]哲學的不同分支，被分進了哲學的不同領域：
美學
[編輯]美學研究美、藝術、品味，以及對個人性事實的創造，請參閱美學。
- 應用美學 – 將美學應用於藝術與文化。
知識論
[編輯]- 知識與信念有什麼不同？
- 我們能夠知道什麼？
- 知識從哪裡來？
- 有客觀的知識嗎？
倫理學
[編輯]倫理學 – 研究對錯、善惡、好壞。
- 應用倫理學 – 對一些個人或社會生活中有關道德判斷的特殊問題，從道德的立場，進行哲學的審視。因此它嘗試使用哲學方法。在人類生活的很多方面，去辨認道德上正確的行為。
- 描述倫理學 – 研究人關於道德性的信念。
- 規範倫理學 – 規範人們應該怎麼行動，是它的研究對象。
- 元倫理學 – 尋求理解倫理學性質、陳述、態度、判斷的本質。
邏輯學
[編輯]形而上學
[編輯]形而上學 – 嘗試回答：根本上有什麼存在？是什麼樣的？參見形而上學。
- 本體論 – 研究自然、變化、存在、實在性，以及存在者的範疇的本質，和它們間的關係。
- 心靈哲學 – 研究心靈、精神狀態、精神功能、精神性質、意識的本質，以及它們與物理的物體，尤其是大腦之間的關係。
- 時空哲學 – 關於本體論、認識論、時空的特點等。
- 行動理論、行動哲學
其他
[編輯]哲學史
[編輯]關於哲學本身的歷史。
古代哲學
[編輯]西方哲學
[編輯]
東方哲學
[編輯]當代哲學
[編輯]哲學理論
[編輯]主要流派
[編輯]哲學的運動
[編輯]
古代[編輯]中世紀[編輯]
|
近現代[編輯]
|
哲學分支
[編輯]美學
[編輯]知識論
[編輯]倫理學
[編輯]邏輯
[編輯]形上學
[編輯]政治哲學
[編輯]語言哲學
[編輯]心靈哲學
[編輯]宗教哲學
[編輯]宗教哲學
[編輯]科學哲學
[編輯]哲學文學
[編輯]參考作品
[編輯]- Encyclopedia of Philosophy – one of the major English encyclopedias of philosophy. The second edition, edited by Donald M. Borchert, was published in ten volumes in 2006 by Thomson Gale. Volumes 1–9 contain alphabetically ordered articles.
- 互聯網哲學百科全書 – free online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and philosophers founded by James Fieser in 1995. The current general editors are James Fieser (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee at Martin) and Bradley Dowden (Professor of Philosophy at California State University, Sacramento). The staff also includes numerous area editors as well as volunteers.
- Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy – encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in 1998 (ISBN 978-0415073103). Originally published in both 10 volumes of print and as a CD-ROM, in 2002 it was made available online on a subscription basis. The online version is regularly updated with new articles and revisions to existing articles. It has 1,300 contributors providing over 2,000 scholarly articles.
- 史丹佛哲學百科全書 – 同行審查，原創論文，互聯網用戶免費閱讀。每篇文章都是此領域的專家所作。
哲學家
[編輯]參見
[編輯]
- Outline of philosophy of artificial intelligence
- List of important publications in philosophy
- List of philosophy awards
- Index of philosophy
- Index of philosophy of science articles
- Unsolved problems in philosophy
參考資料
[編輯]- ^ Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."
- ^ A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."
- ^ Anthony Quinton, in T. Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."
- ^ Philosophia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus. [2020-03-09]. （原始內容存檔於2013-06-23）.
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary. [2020-03-09]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-02）.
- ^ The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe". Webster's New World Dictionary Second College.
外部連結
[編輯]
- Taxonomy of Philosophy（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） – topic outline developed by 戴維·查爾莫斯 as the category structure for the table of contents of the PhilPapers academic directory.
- PhilPapers（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） – comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles and books.
- Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Guide to Philosophy on the Internet（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- The Ism Book（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Introducing Philosophy Series. By Paul Newall (for beginners)（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Philosophical positions (philosophy, movement, school, theory, etc.)
- The Problems of Philosophy, by 伯特蘭·羅素 (links provided to full text)
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）