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用户:Georges Smiley/第二次世界大战期间的英国陆军军级建制列表

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第二次世界大战期间，英国陆军组建了多个军，此类建制大多包括若干陆军师，辅以炮兵、工程兵和后勤分队作为对各师级单位的支援补充。在指挥层级中，军一般处于集团军、集团军群和司令部之下。[1]在整场战争期间，英国组建了16个军，其中有三个负责防空作战。相较野战军团，防空军的职能并非在实战中指挥若干陆军师，而是负责指挥一片覆盖数百或数千平方英里的防区内的防空部队。除此之外，通过情报欺诈活动，在英国陆军架构内尚存在11个额外的军。纵观整场战争期间，尽管这些军并非同时存在，也并非全部真实存在，英国陆军计有27个军级建制的单位。[a]

1939年战争爆发时，英国陆军只有一个军（即第一军），但是很快就扩编了两个军以增援英国远征军。至1940年，英国国内又组建了六个军，次年又增加了两个。1943年12月，最后一个组建于本土的军——第一空降军成立。1941年，第十三军作为第一个在海外组建的军成立。[b]“军”通常由一名陆军中将作为司令官。[3]

军的规模可大可小，视情况而定。以西部沙漠司令部为例，这支部队最初由一个师部改组而来，最终发展成了一支规模达到36000人，拥有一个步兵师、一个装甲师以及若干小股部队的军级单位。在1944年6月埃普索姆行动前期，第八军有57000名士兵，分布于两个步兵师、一个装甲师、一个装甲旅、一个坦克旅，以及军直属后勤、文职、工兵以及炮兵分队当中。而在行动期间，该军规模达到65000人之众。[4][c]待到1944年6月古德伍德行动期间，第八军的作战序列又有大调整，这次则包括三个装甲师，以及军直属各分队，总计62000人。[5]英国陆军的军级部队并不仅仅包括英国部队，第二次阿拉曼战役期间，第八集团军麾下就有由各国军队组成的三个军：第十三军由英军和法军组成，第十军仅由英军组成，而第三十军则包括英国、澳大利亚、新西兰、印度和南非部队。[6]

与其余的野战军不同，三个防空军负责维护英国本土的空中安全，每个军都包含若干防空师，分管面积不等的防区。其中，第一防空军下辖五个防空师，负责防御英国南部；第二防空军下辖四个师，负责防御英格兰中部；第三防空军下辖三个师，负责防御英国北部。[7]随着战争的进行，第一防空军的规模也得以扩大，保护英国的重要地区免受纳粹空军的袭击。1942年10月，英国的防空系统重组，为了减轻指挥压力，节省人力物力，使得调度更为灵活，三个防空军被七个防空区取代。[8]

军级部队列表

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番号 组建日期 解散日期 徽章 服役地区 知名战史 备注 Ref
第一军 1902年 1945年7月 A white spearhead pointing up, on a scarlet diamond. 英国本土、法国、比利时、荷兰和德国 法国战役、霸王行动、进军莱茵、中欧会战 1939年战争爆发时英国陆军唯一的军，徽章里的矛头亦在暗示这一点。该军活跃于整场战争期间，与英国远征军、第二集团军和加拿大第一集团军并肩作战。战争临近结束时，该军正在德国境内作战。1945年7月中旬，该军改组为英国占领当局第一军，负责管理莱茵省和威斯特伐利亚。 [9][11]
第一空降军 1943年12月 1945年10月 Light blue Pegasus and rider on purple background 英国本土、荷兰、德国、英属印度 市场花园行动 The corps was formed on 9 December 1943, officially as Headquarters, Airborne Troops (21st Army Group). It initially commanded all British airborne until those needed for Operation Overlord were reassigned to other formations. The corps first combat operation was Operation Market Garden, in which it led the 1st Airborne Division into action. In June 1945, after the end of fighting in Europe, the corps was transferred to British India, where It was intended to oversee attacks on Singapore and Thailand. However, no operations took place as the Pacific War ended soon after the redeployment. The corps was disbanded on 23 October 1945. [12][10]
第一防空军 1938年6月 1942年10月 A German eagle in red, pieced by a red arrow, on a blue background. 英国本土 不列颠战役、伦敦大轰炸, 贝德克大轰炸 The corps initially controlled anti-aircraft defences for London and the Home Counties. After the outbreak of the war, it was expanded to control all formations covering southern England and Wales, which corresponded with No. 10 and No. 11 Group RAF. It was the largest of the three anti-aircraft corps that were formed. It was disbanded when the anti-aircraft defences were reorganised. The insignia depicted the shooting of a German eagle. [11]
第二军 1939年9月 1944年3月 A red fish on alternating blue and white wavy horizontal stripes, within a red border. 英国本土、法国、比利时（1939年）（1944年—1945年，计划中） 法国战役 Served with the BEF during the Battle of France and was evacuated back to the UK, where it remained on home defence duties. The corps was briefly disbanded in 1943 but then reformed and existed until early 1944, when it was again disbanded. Thereafter, it was used for deception purposes, and played a role in Operation Fortitude and additional efforts until it was notionally disbanded in December 1944. The Imperial War Museum stated the original insignia was blue-and-white wavy lines. A fish was added later to suggest it was jumping over a brook—a pun on the name of the corps' first commander Alan Brooke. [16][d]
第二防空军 1939年4月 1942年10月 An upraised mailed army clutching a dagger, all in pale blue, on a red background. 英国本土 不列颠战役、伦敦大轰炸, 贝德克大轰炸 The corps controlled anti-aircraft defences for the Midlands and parts of northern England, corresponding with No. 9 and No. 12 Group RAF. The corps was disbanded when the anti-aircraft defences were reorganised. [15]
第三军 1939年10月 终战 A five-lobed green leaf on a white rectangle 英国本土、法国、比利时、埃及、叙利亚、意大利、希腊 法国战役、希腊内战 Fought in France and Belgium with the BEF, and was evacuated back to the UK where it remained on home defence duties until disbanded in 1943. It was then revived as a deception formation for Operation Cascade and was notionally transported to Iran. The corps was then actually reformed in the Middle East, subsequently moved to Italy, and was then dispatched to reoccupy Greece following a German withdrawal. The corps remained in Greece until the end of the war, when it was converted into HQ Land Forces Greece. [22]
第三防空军 1939年4月 1942年10月 Alternating red and white vertical stripes. The white stripe contains three red crescents, horns facing right. 英国本土 不列颠战役、伦敦大轰炸, 贝德克大轰炸 The corps controlled anti-aircraft defences for Scotland, Northern Ireland, and northern England that were not covered by II Anti-Aircraft Corps. These areas corresponding with No. 13 and No. 14 Group RAF. The corps was disbanded when the anti-aircraft defences were reorganised. [16]
第四军 1940年2月 终战 A black elephant on a red background 英国本土、挪威、英属印度、缅甸 挪威战役、缅甸战役 Claude Auchinleck was tasked with forming IV Corps to move to France to reinforce the BEF. He chose an insignia based on the cap badge of his regiment, the 1st Punjab Regiment. In April 1940, the corps was used to temporarily form HQ Northern Norway Land Forces. It returned to the UK and undertook home defence duties until it was dispatched to British India in 1942. It subsequently fought in Burma under the Fourteenth Army and ended the war in Burma under the Twelfth Army. [17][18]
第五军 1940年6月 终战 A white Viking ship on a black background. The sail includes black stripes and a red cross. 英国、阿尔及利亚、突尼斯、意大利 突尼斯战役、意大利战役 A second corps Claude Auchinleck was tasked with forming, V Corps used men from IV Corps who had been dispatched to Norway. The insignia, a Viking ship, commemorated this connection; its choice of colour echoed that of the First-World-War-era V Corps. The Corps undertook home defence in the UK, then joined the First Army and was dispatched to fight in North Africa. V Corps later fought as part of the Eighth Army in Sicily and Italy, where it ended the war. [19][20]
第六军 1940年6月 1940年7月 N/A 英国本土 N/A In mid-June 1940, VI Corps was formed in Lisburn, Northern Ireland, to command all troops located there. On 12 July 1940, it became British Troops in Ireland, which was later renamed British Troops in Northern Ireland. [21]
第七军 1940年7月 1940年12月 A scarlet horizontal diamond UK (actual and notional) N/A Formed on 7 July and composed of British and Canadian forces under the command of Canadian officer Andrew McNaughton. On 25 December 1940, VII Corps was redesignated as the Canadian Corps. The corps was revived as part of the deception effort Operation Fortitude in April 1944; it was provided with an insignia of a scallop shell on a blue background. German intelligence were fed information to state the corps was drained of manpower to replace casualties suffered by the 21st Army Group in Belgium, and it was notionally disbanded in January 1945. [22][30]
第八军 1940年7月 1945年7月 A charging knight, facing right, in white on a red rectangle. 英国本土、法国、比利时、荷兰、德国 霸王行动、进军莱茵、中欧会战 Served on home defence duties until 1944, when it formed part of the 21st Army Group and took part in the liberation of German-occupied Western Europe. By the end of the war in Europe, the corps was in Germany and by mid-July 1945 was converted into an administrative district of the British military government in Germany based at Pion. The second version of the corp's insignia, which was displayed during the fighting in Europe, is depicted. [23][33]
第九军 1941年6月 1943年5月 a black cat on an orange background 英国本土、阿尔及利亚、突尼斯 突尼斯战役 The insignia represented a "kilkenny cat", which was chosen as Kilkenny, Ireland, was the hometown of the corp's first commanding officer Ridley Pakenham-Walsh. IX Corps undertook home defence duties until 1942, when it was deployed to North Africa. At that point, the insignia was changed to a yellow trumpet on a red background. The corps was disbanded at the end of the fighting in North Africa. [24][25]
第十军 1940年6月 1945年7月 A white rectangle and a white circle, both on a green background with a domed top. 英国本土、埃及、意属利比亚、突尼斯、意大利、希腊 北非战役、意大利战役、希腊内战 Formed for home defence duties, it was transferred to Egypt in August 1942 and fought across North Africa. It then served in Italy and Greece. In May 1945, the corps was placed in reserve and was scheduled to be transferred to Asia. By July, it was still in the Mediterranean theatre when it was disbanded. According to the Imperial War Museum, the insignia can be read as "10" with the symbols rotated 90 degrees. The museum also noted varying designs and coloured insignia existed at the same time. [26][38]
第十一军 1940年6月 1943年5月 A black-and-white chequered tower on a black diamond background. 英国本土 N/A Formed for home defence duties. The insignia depicted a fortified tower, which represented the large number of defensive strong points the corps helped construct. [27][28][lower-alpha 4]
第十二军 1940年6月 1945年6月 Three trees on a white oval background 英国本土、法国、比利时、荷兰、德国 霸王行动、进军莱茵、中欧会战 Per the Imperial War Museum, the insignia represented an oak, ash, and thorn tree of Puck of Pook's Hill. This design linked the corps' first commander Andrew Thorne with the area of Sussex where the corps was formed. It was initially raised for home defence duties and was later assigned to the 21st Army Group. From 1944, it fought in northwest Europe and ended the war in Hamburg, Germany. It was not selected to be part of the occupational forces and was stood down following the end of fighting in Europe. [29][30][43]
第十三军 1941年1月 1946年 A leaping gazelle in red, on a white circle. The white circle is on a red diamond background. 埃及、意属利比亚、突尼斯、意大利、奥地利 西部沙漠战役、突尼斯战役、意大利战役 Created by the re-designation of the Western Desert Force. After Operation Compass ended in early 1941, XIII Corps was stood down following a re-organisation of the British command structure within Egypt and the captured Italian-Libyan province of Cyrenaica. It was reformed in October 1941 and fought across North Africa and then in Italy. XIII Corps was based in Austria and northwest Italy when the war ended. In 1946, the corps was converted into HQ British Element Trieste Force (BETFOR), which retained the corps' insignia and was based in Trieste. The insignia represented a gazelle from the Western Desert, where the corps was formed. [31][45]
XIV Corps 1943年12月 End of the war A black wolf head on a white field Algeria, Tunisia, Italy (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed for deception purposes around the Mediterranean theatre. [32]
XVI Corps 1943年11月 Unknown Phoenix bearing a torch, emerging from red flames on a white field Egypt (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed to threaten an invasion of German-occupied Greek territories. [33]
XVII Corps 1944年11月 1944年11月 N/A UK (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed to threaten an invasion of German-occupied Greek territories. [34]
XVIII Corps 1941年6月 1941年6月 Unknown Cyprus (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed to deceive the Axis about the strength of British forces based in Cyprus. Redesignated as XXV Corps, another notional formation with the same role. [35]
XIX Airborne Corps 1944年10月 1944年12月 Light blue Pegasus and rider on purple background UK (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed to inflate the size of the First Allied Airborne Army. The corps was notionally disbanded in December 1944 after German intelligence had been informed it was merely an administrative formation. [50]

[36]
XXI Corps 1943 1943 N/A UK (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed as part of the deception effort Operation Tindall. [52]
XXV Corps 1941年6月 Unknown A red lion passant gardant on a yellow field Cyprus (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed to deceive the Axis about the strength of British forces based in Cyprus. [37]
XXVI Airborne Corps 1944年11月 End of the war A depiction of the god Mercury British India (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed to deceive Japan about the strength of British forces based in region and to project a threat towards Thailand. [38]
第三十军 1941年10月 1945年7月 埃及、意属利比亚、突尼斯、英国、法国、比利时、荷兰、德国 西部沙漠战役、突尼斯战役、霸王行动、进军莱茵、中欧会战 Started to form in early October 1941 in Egypt, XXX Corps was initially known as the Armoured Corps and became active on 21 October. The corps fought across North Africa and was transferred to the UK in early 1944. From June 1944, it fought in northwest Europe and was located within Germany when the war in Europe ended. By July 1945, it had been transformed into an administrative district of the British military government in Germany covering the Hanover region, and was headquartered at Nienburg. [39][56]
西部沙漠司令部 1940年6月 1941年10月 N/A 埃及、意属利比亚 西部沙漠战役 该司令部成立于1940年6月17日，由第6步兵师的师部改组而来，负责指挥所有在埃及境内的英国陆军部队。1942年1月，该部队改组为第十三军。 In March 1941, following a strategic reversal in Italian Libya, a new Western Desert Force was formed. It led British forces during operations Brevity and Battleaxe. In October 1941, Western Defence Force again became XIII Corps. [57]

脚注

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引用

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  1. ^ Dear & Foot 2001，第303–306页.
  2. ^ Kirby et al. 1958，第194, 454页; Virk 1982，第68, 112, 231, 247, 358, 360页; Playfair et al. 2004，第403页.
  3. ^ Playfair et al. 2004，第465页.
  4. ^ Jackson 2006，第27, 40页.
  5. ^ Jackson 2006，第84页.
  6. ^ Playfair et al. 2004，第7–8页.
  7. ^ 第38149號憲報. 伦敦宪报. 16 December 1947.  and 第38149號憲報. 伦敦宪报. 16 December 1947. 
  8. ^ 第38149號憲報. 伦敦宪报. 16 December 1947. 
  9. ^ Badge, Formation, British, I Corps & 1st Corps. Imperial War Museum. [16 February 2022]. 
  10. ^ Badge, Formation, British, 1st Airborne Division & 6th Airborne Division & 16th Airborne Division TA. Imperial War Museum. [18 February 2022]. 
  11. ^ Badge, Formation, I Anti-Aircraft Corps (1st AA Corps). Imperial War Museum. [18 February 2022]. 
  12. ^ Heathcote 1999，第275页.
  13. ^ Mackie, Colin. Senior Army Appointments: 1860– (PDF): 249–251. 2021 [28 February 2022].  and Mackie, Colin. Colin Mackie's website. 2021 [28 February 2022]. 
  14. ^ Joslen 2003，第89, 96页.
  15. ^ Badge, Formation, II Anti-Aircraft Corps (2nd AA Corps). Imperial War Museum. [18 February 2022]. 
  16. ^ Badge, Formation, III Anti-Aircraft Corps (3rd AA Corps). Imperial War Museum. [18 February 2022]. 
  17. ^ Badge, Formation, British, IV Corps & 4th Corps & 64th Medium Regiment RA. Imperial War Museum. [16 February 2022]. 
  18. ^ McGilvray 2020，第32页.
  19. ^ Badge, Formation, British, V Corps (5th Corps). Imperial War Museum. [16 February 2022]. 
  20. ^ Warner 2006，第59页.
  21. ^ Blake 1956，第159页.
  22. ^ Badge, Formation, Canadian, VII Corps, 7 Corps, The Canadian Corps, 1st Canadian Corps. Imperial War Museum. [16 February 2022]. 
  23. ^ Badge, Formation, VIII Corps District (8th Corps District) & South Western District. Imperial War Museum. [18 February 2022].  and Badge, Formation, VIII Corps (8th Corps). Imperial War Museum. [18 February 2022]. 
  24. ^ Badge, Formation, British, IX Corps (9th Corps). Imperial War Museum. [16 February 2022].  (IWM incorrectly stated "1940" instead of "1941"), Badge, Formation, 1st Army. Imperial War Museum. [13 February 2022]. , and Pakenham-Walsh, Ridley. ACT Memorial. [20 February 2022]. 
  25. ^ Royal Engineers Journal 1967，第84页.
  26. ^ Badge, Formation, British, X Corps (10th Corps). Imperial War Museum. [28 February 2022]. 
  27. ^ Badge, Formation, British, XI Corps (11th Corps). Imperial War Museum. [28 February 2022]. 
  28. ^ Newbold 1988，第202–203页.
  29. ^ Badge, Formation, British, XII Corps (12th Corps). Imperial War Museum. [28 February 2022]. 
  30. ^ Lt.-General Ritchie For Scottish Command. The Times (50163). 8 June 1945. 
  31. ^ Badge, Formation, British, XIII Corps (13th Corps) & British Element Trieste Force (BETFOR). Imperial War Museum. [28 February 2022]. 
  32. ^ Holt 2004，第595, 607–608, 623, 914–915页.
  33. ^ Holt 2004，第915, 918页.
  34. ^ Hesketh 2000，第440页.
  35. ^ Holt 2004，第915页.
  36. ^ Badge, Formation, 1st Airborne Division & 6th Airborne Division & 16th Airborne Division TA. Imperial War Museum. [7 May 2021]. 
  37. ^ Holt 2004，第32, 915, 927页.
  38. ^ Holt 2004，第681–683, 762, 815, 916页.
  39. ^ Badge, Formation, British, British, XXX Corps & 30th Corps. Imperial War Museum. [28 February 2022].  and Badge, Formation, 8th Army. Imperial War Museum. [13 February 2022]. 

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