生命哲学

生命哲学^[1]（德语：Lebensphilosophie，在英文当中译为“Life-philosophy” ，有时与人生哲学同样写作“Philosophy of life”）是哲学当中将生命意义、价值和目的作为哲学之中心而强调的一个流派^[2]。

综述

生命哲学的概念最早由阿图尔·叔本华、索伦·奥贝·克尔凯郭尔、弗里德里希·尼采等学者的作品启发，作为对实证主义的崛起和后康德主义当中的理论焦点之回应诞生于19世纪德国^[2]^[3]。生命哲学运动与生命冲力的主观（英语：Subject (Philosophy)）哲学体系存在间接关联，后者由亨利·柏格森提出、著重于直接经验（英语：Direct experience）^[4]。

20世纪的生命哲学对社会规范与风俗相当重视。以色列裔美国（英语：Israeli Americans）历史学家尼特赞·莱博维奇（Nitzan Lebovic）认为生命哲学显现了生命概念之合集与1920年代德国教育制度所迎来的“生命学说”或“生命科学”（Lebenskunde）概念间的紧密联系——后者支撑了当时生物学家普遍怀有之广泛意义上的哲学观。在其书中，莱博维奇对后尼采式哲学从斯特凡·乔治学派（英语：George-Kreis）的激进美学到纳粹及生命政治修辞的演变过程进行了追溯^[5]。

“生命”本身作为整体的存在是生命哲学的核心，且衹能通过由内而外的方式去理解。生命哲学运动可以说是对康德义务主义之抽象哲学或实证主义之科学还原论的反对。

代表人物

参看

德国唯心主义，生命哲学之前的先驱运动^[3]
人生观
生命的意义

与生命哲学存在间接联系的哲学家

亨利·柏格森，以其在直接经验（英语：Direct experience）方面的研究闻名
汉娜·阿伦特，著有《人的境况》，其中对“积极生活”（vita activa）与“沉思生活”（vita contemplativa）两者进行了区分
皮埃尔·哈多（英语：Pierre Hadot），对古希腊哲学概念作出了“生活方式”的解读
乔治·阿甘本，闻名于其的“赤裸生命”（zoe）与“合格生命”（bios）理论

参考文献

^ 郭官义. 〈什么是生命哲学〉. 《世界哲学》. 1985, 4: 79 [2017-10-23]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-24）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Gaiger, Jason. Lebensphilosophie. Craig, Edward (编). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy（英语：Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy）. Routledge. 1998.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Michael Friedman（英语：Michael Friedman (philosopher)）, A Parting of the Ways: Carnap, Cassirer, and Heidegger, Open Court, 2013.
^ Wolin, Richard. Continental philosophy. Encyclopædia Britannica. [April 24, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-03）. In Germany the corresponding school [to vitalism], known as Lebensphilosophie (“philosophy of life”), began to take on aspects of a political ideology in the years immediately preceding World War I. The work of Hans Driesch and Ludwig Klages, for example, openly condemned the superficial intellectualism of Western civilization. In associating “reason” with the shortcomings of “civilization” and “the West,” Lebensphilosophie spurred many German thinkers to reject intellection in favour of the irrational forces of blood and life. In the words of Herbert Schnädelbach, at this point “philosophy of life tendentiously abolished the traditional difference between nature and culture and thus facilitated the success of the general biologism in the theory of culture, which culminated in National Socialist racism.”
^ Nitzan Lebovic, The Philosophy of Life and Death Ludwig Klages and the Rise of a Nazi Biopolitics, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

[1] 郭官义. 〈什么是生命哲学〉. 《世界哲学》. 1985, 4: 79 [2017-10-23]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-24）.

[routledge-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Gaiger, Jason. Lebensphilosophie. Craig, Edward (编). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy（英语：Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy）. Routledge. 1998.

[Friedman-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Michael Friedman（英语：Michael Friedman (philosopher)）, A Parting of the Ways: Carnap, Cassirer, and Heidegger, Open Court, 2013.

[britannica-4] Wolin, Richard. Continental philosophy. Encyclopædia Britannica. [April 24, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-03）. In Germany the corresponding school [to vitalism], known as Lebensphilosophie (“philosophy of life”), began to take on aspects of a political ideology in the years immediately preceding World War I. The work of Hans Driesch and Ludwig Klages, for example, openly condemned the superficial intellectualism of Western civilization. In associating “reason” with the shortcomings of “civilization” and “the West,” Lebensphilosophie spurred many German thinkers to reject intellection in favour of the irrational forces of blood and life. In the words of Herbert Schnädelbach, at this point “philosophy of life tendentiously abolished the traditional difference between nature and culture and thus facilitated the success of the general biologism in the theory of culture, which culminated in National Socialist racism.”

[5] Nitzan Lebovic, The Philosophy of Life and Death Ludwig Klages and the Rise of a Nazi Biopolitics, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

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