恐狒属

恐狒属; 化石时期：上新世至更新世 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	哺乳纲 Mammalia
目：	灵长目 Primates
科：	猴科 Cercopithecidae
亚科：	猕猴亚科 Cercopithecinae
族：	狒狒族 Papionini
属：	†恐狒属 Dinopithecus; Broom, 1937
模式种
	†Dinopithecus ingens; Broom, 1937

恐狒属（学名：Dinopithecus，意思为“恐怖的猿猴”）是已灭绝的大型狒狒，生存于上新世至更新世的南非^[1]^[2]，是由苏格兰古生物学家Robert Broom（英语：Robert Broom）于1937进行发表与命名^[3]。恐狒属下目前已知的物种为Dinopithecus ingens，而原属于恐狒属的D. quadratirostris则重新被分配至Soromandrillus属之下^[4]。恐狒属的化石多发现于南非地层年代为更新世早期的洞穴化石遗址之中，包括Skurweberg、斯瓦特克朗（英语：Swartkrans）及史德克方顿（英语：Sterkfontein）洞穴^[1]^[2]^[5]。

描述

恐狒的体型大约为现存狒狒的两倍大，由臼齿化石大小来推断，成年雄性体重可达46千克（101英磅）而雌性可达29千克（64英磅）^[6]，这样大的体型在狒狒之中是很罕见的，只有狮尾狒属中同样已灭绝的Theropithecus brumpti（英语：Theropithecus brumpti）与Theropithecus oswaldi（英语：Theropithecus oswaldi）体型可与恐狒比拟^[6]。恐狒的颅骨与现存狒狒相近，但是口鼻与下颚侧面缺乏凹陷处且口鼻部上方不具有嵴^[2]^[4]，不过恐狒有时依然会被认为是狒狒属下的一个亚属^[2]^[7]。

古生态学

现存大部分的狒狒族均为杂食动物，食物包括容易消化的植物部位（例如水果）、昆虫与其他无脊椎动物、以及小型脊椎动物^[8]。一项针对恐狒牙釉质所进行的碳同位素分析显示，它们食用水果的比例远超过于同时期生存于南非的其他灵长目物种，而食草的比例则是其中最低的^[9]。而由恐狒臼齿微磨损的形式则推断它们与现存的草原狒狒同样有多样化的食性^[10]。一项针对恐狒臼齿的演化形式同样也证明它们食物中有很高比例为水果，而树叶所占的比例则很低^[11]。

由于目前仅有发现恐狒的颅骨与牙齿化石，因此无法知道它们移动的方法与形式。然而，作为十分大型的狒狒族，可以推断它们可能多半栖息于地面，并以四足行走居多。

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Freedman, Leonard. The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum. 1957, 23: 121–257.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Szalay, Frederick S.; Delson, Eric. Evolutionary history of the primates. New York: Academic Press. 1979. ISBN 0126801509. OCLC 5008038.
^ Broom R. (1937). On some new Pleistocene mammals from limestone caves of the Transvaal. S Afr J Sci 33, 750-768.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Gilbert, Christopher C. Cladistic analysis of extant and fossil African papionins using craniodental data. Journal of Human Evolution. May 2013, 64 (5): 399–433. PMID 23490264. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.013.
^ Delson, Eric. Cercopithecid biochronology of the African Plio-Pleistocene: correlation among eastern and southern hominid-bearing localities. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 1984, 69: 199–218.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Delson, Eric; Terranova, Carl J.; Jungers, William J; Sargis, Eric J.; Jablonski, Nina G.; Dechow, Paul C. Body mass in Cercopithecidae (Primates, Mammalia): estimation and scaling in extinct and extant taxa. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 2000, 83: 1–159.
^ Gilbert, Christopher C.; Frost, Stephen R.; Pugh, Kelsey D.; Anderson, Monya; Delson, Eric. Evolution of the modern baboon ( Papio hamadryas ): A reassessment of the African Plio-Pleistocene record. Journal of Human Evolution. September 2018, 122: 38–69 [2020-01-26]. PMID 29954592. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.04.012. （原始内容存档于2021-01-21）.
^ G., Fleagle, John. Primate adaptation and evolution 3rd. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. 2013. ISBN 9780123786326. OCLC 820107187.
^ Codron, Daryl; Luyt, Julie; Lee-Thorp, Julia; Sponheimer, Matt; de Ruiter, Darryl; Codron, Jacqui. Utilization of savanna-based resources by Plio-Pleistocene baboons. South African Journal of Science. 2005, 101: 245–248.
^ El-Zaatari, Sireen; Grine, Frederick E.; Teaford, Mark F.; Smith, Heather F. Molar microwear and dietary reconstructions of fossil cercopithecoidea from the Plio-Pleistocene deposits of South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution. August 2005, 49 (2): 180–205. PMID 15964607. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.03.005.
^ Benefit, Brenda R. Victoriapithecus: The key to Old World monkey and catarrhine origins. Evolutionary Anthropology. 1999, 7 (5): 155–174. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)7:5<155::AID-EVAN2>3.0.CO;2-D.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Freedman, Leonard. The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum. 1957, 23: 121–257.

[:1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Szalay, Frederick S.; Delson, Eric. Evolutionary history of the primates. New York: Academic Press. 1979. ISBN 0126801509. OCLC 5008038.

[3] Broom R. (1937). On some new Pleistocene mammals from limestone caves of the Transvaal. S Afr J Sci 33, 750-768.

[Gilbert_399–433-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Gilbert, Christopher C. Cladistic analysis of extant and fossil African papionins using craniodental data. Journal of Human Evolution. May 2013, 64 (5): 399–433. PMID 23490264. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.013.

[5] Delson, Eric. Cercopithecid biochronology of the African Plio-Pleistocene: correlation among eastern and southern hominid-bearing localities. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 1984, 69: 199–218.

[:2-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Delson, Eric; Terranova, Carl J.; Jungers, William J; Sargis, Eric J.; Jablonski, Nina G.; Dechow, Paul C. Body mass in Cercopithecidae (Primates, Mammalia): estimation and scaling in extinct and extant taxa. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 2000, 83: 1–159.

[7] Gilbert, Christopher C.; Frost, Stephen R.; Pugh, Kelsey D.; Anderson, Monya; Delson, Eric. Evolution of the modern baboon ( Papio hamadryas ): A reassessment of the African Plio-Pleistocene record. Journal of Human Evolution. September 2018, 122: 38–69 [2020-01-26]. PMID 29954592. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.04.012. （原始内容存档于2021-01-21）.

[8] G., Fleagle, John. Primate adaptation and evolution 3rd. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. 2013. ISBN 9780123786326. OCLC 820107187.

[9] Codron, Daryl; Luyt, Julie; Lee-Thorp, Julia; Sponheimer, Matt; de Ruiter, Darryl; Codron, Jacqui. Utilization of savanna-based resources by Plio-Pleistocene baboons. South African Journal of Science. 2005, 101: 245–248.

[10] El-Zaatari, Sireen; Grine, Frederick E.; Teaford, Mark F.; Smith, Heather F. Molar microwear and dietary reconstructions of fossil cercopithecoidea from the Plio-Pleistocene deposits of South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution. August 2005, 49 (2): 180–205. PMID 15964607. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.03.005.

[11] Benefit, Brenda R. Victoriapithecus: The key to Old World monkey and catarrhine origins. Evolutionary Anthropology. 1999, 7 (5): 155–174. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)7:5<155::AID-EVAN2>3.0.CO;2-D.

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