对印尼华人的歧视
外观
此条目需要扩充。 (2017年7月17日) |
对印度尼西亚华人的歧视、暴力行为最早可追溯至1740年以前,当时荷属东印度政府曾于红溪惨案期间杀死了超过一万名华裔。自那时起,对印尼华人的排挤事件便屡屡出现在印尼本国与其他国家的政府日志之中。记录中,规模最大的两次失控事件发生在1965年、反共清洗中的一次政变事件中[1],以及1998年由对华贸易引起、造成上百名华裔妇女遭强奸的黑色五月暴动事件。这些事件都与第二任独裁总统苏哈托有关系。
在此类事件中,歧视行为既可以是由暴力、法律限制引起、也可由日常对话的措辞、语调产生。因为这类的歧视现象,印尼华人面临着身份危机,既无法融入华人群体中,也无法融入印尼人的群体之中。
参见
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]脚注
- ^ Coppel 2008 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), p. 122.
参考文献
- Effendi, Wahyu; Prasetyadji. Tionghoa dalam Cengkeraman SBKRI [The Chinese in the Grip of the SBKRI]. Jakarta: Visimedia. 2008. ISBN 978-979-1044-11-0 (印度尼西亚语).
- Kinasih, Ayu Windy. Identitas Etnis Tionghoa di Kota Solo [The Identity of Chinese Indonesians in Solo]. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University. 2007. ISBN 978-979-25-3663-8 (印度尼西亚语).
- Ma, Rosey Wang. Hui Diaspora. Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (编). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. New York, N.Y.: Springer Science+Business Media. 2005: 113–124. ISBN 978-0-387-29904-4.
- Purdey, Jemma. Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999. Honolulu, H.I.: University of Hawaii Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8248-3057-1.
- Phoa, Liong Gie. The Changing Economic Position of the Chinese in Netherlands India. Fernando, M. R.; Bulbeck, David (编). Chinese Economic Activity in Netherlands India: Selected Translations from the Dutch. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 1992: 5–18. ISBN 978-981-3016-21-7.
- Reid, Anthony. Flows and Seepages in the Long-term Chinese Interaction with Southeast Asia. Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast Asia an the Chinese. Honolulu, H.I.: University of Hawaii Press. 2001: 15–50. ISBN 978-0-8248-2446-4.
- Reid, Anthony. Chinese and Southeast Asian interactions. Pan, Lynn (编). The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas. Cambridge, M.A.: Harvard University Press. 1999: 51–53. ISBN 978-0-674-25210-3.
- Schwarz. 2000. 缺少或
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为空 (帮助) [需要完整来源] - Setiono, Benny G. Tionghoa dalam Pusaran Politik [Indonesia's Chinese Community under Political Turmoil]. Jakarta: TransMedia Pustaka. 2008 [2017-07-17]. ISBN 979-799-052-4. (原始内容存档于2019-05-20).
- Tan, Mely G. Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (编). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. New York, N.Y.: Springer Science+Business Media. 2005: 795–807. ISBN 978-0-387-29904-4.
- Tan, Mely G. Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia: Kumpulan Tulisan [Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia: A Collection of Writings]. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 2008. ISBN 978-979-461-689-5 (印度尼西亚语).
- Cribb, Robert; Charles Coppel. A genocide that never was: explaining the myth of anti-Chinese massacres in Indonesia, 1965–66. Journal of Genocide Research: 447–465. 2009.
网络文献
- Ethnic Chinese tell of mass rapes. BBC. 1998-06-23 [2009-05-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-24).
- Daihani, Dadan Umar; Purnomo, Agus Budi. The May 1998 Riot in Jakarta, Indonesia, Analyzed with GIS. 2001 [2009-05-15]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-17).
- Kota Solo Penuh Asap [Solo is Full of Smoke]. Kompas (Jakarta). 1998-05-15: 11 (印度尼西亚语).
- Amuk Massa Landa Boyolali [Masses Rage in Boyolali]. Kompas (Jakarta). 1998-05-16: 7 (印度尼西亚语).
- Wijayanta, Hanibal W.Y.; Sen Tjiauw. Percik Bara Seantero Nusantara [A Smoldering Stain Throughout the Archipelago]. Jakarta: Forum Keadilan: 18–22. 1998-06-01 (印度尼西亚语).