鳞足螺

鳞足螺
保护状况
	; 濒危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	软体动物门 Mollusca
纲：	腹足纲 Gastropoda
科：	Peltospiridae科 Peltospiridae
属：	鳞足螺属 Chrysomallon; Chen, Linse, Copley & Rogers, 2015
种：	鳞足螺 C. squamiferum
二名法
	Chrysomallon squamiferum; Chen, Linse, Copley & Rogers, 2015
异名
	Crysomallon squamiferum（拼写错误）;

鳞足螺（学名：Chrysomallon squamiferum），又名鳞角腹足蜗牛^[3]，是一种生活在深海热泉的海螺，属于Peltospiridae（英语：Peltospiridae）科的海洋腹足纲软体动物物种^[2]，也是鳞足螺属（Chrysomallon）的单型种。本物种不单与其他深海腹足纲物种相异甚远，就连同属Neomphaloidea总科的物种亦与之相异甚远^[4]。2019年，因深海资源开发将对热泉区带来的环境影响，它以濒危（endangered，指很可能会绝灭的物种）^[5]的级别被列入国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）的濒危物种红色名录^[6]^[7]。

其螺壳虽然亦是与其他腹足纲物种一样由三层组成，但部分的化学构成有所不同：最外一层由硫化铁组成，中间一层相当于其他物种的有机外壳膜，而最里层则由霰石构成。其腹足亦很特别，裹有矿物化了的铁构成的鳞甲。这亦是本物种的名称由来。

其异常大的食道腺住有共生性 Γ-变形菌，；而其心脏按其身体体型与其他动物来比较亦是异常的大，占了整个身体的4%体积^[4]。

习性

其生活在印度洋海域2400米到2800米深的深海热泉^[2]。该物种被首次发现于2001年，位于印度洋中洋脊2420米深深海热泉的黑色海底烟柱旁^[8]。该物种随后也在Solitaire与Longqi区域被发现^[9]^[10]^[11]。

注释

参考文献

This article incorporates Creative Commons (CC-BY-4.0) text from references^[4]^[12]^[13] and CC-BY-2.5 text from the reference^[14]

^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-1. 2019 [2019-07-28]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-23）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Chen, Chong; Linse, Katrin; Copley, Jonathan T.; Rogers, Alex D. The 'scaly-foot gastropod': a new genus and species of hydrothermal vent-endemic gastropod (Neomphalina: Peltospiridae) from the Indian Ocean. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 2015, 81 (3): 322–334 [2015-10-26]. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyv013. （原始内容存档于2016-07-13）.
^ 外海：鱗角腹足蝸牛. 生命無奇不有！：海、河、湖的怪奇生物圖鑑. 台湾东贩股份有限公司. 2017-10-01: 144–145. ISBN 978-986-475-475-5 （中文（繁体））.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Chen, Chong; Copley, Jonathan T.; Linse, Katrin; Rogers, Alex D.; Sigwart, Julia D. The heart of a dragon: 3D anatomical reconstruction of the 'scaly-foot gastropod' (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neomphalina) reveals its extraordinary circulatory system. Frontiers in Zoology. 2015, 12: 13. PMC 4470333 . PMID 26085836. doi:10.1186/s12983-015-0105-1 .
^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [2019-07-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-04）.
^ Sigwart, Julia D.; Chen, Chong; Thomas, Elin A.; Allcock, A. Louise; Böhm, Monika; Seddon, Mary. Red Listing can protect deep-sea biodiversity. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2019-07-22 [2019-07-28]. ISSN 2397-334X. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0930-2. （原始内容存档于2020-11-18）（英语）.
^ Lambert, Jonathan. Ocean snail is first animal to be officially endangered by deep-sea mining. Nature. 2019-07-22, 571: 455 [2019-07-28]. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02231-1. （原始内容存档于2020-06-14）（英语）.
^ Van Dover CL, Humphris SE, Fornari D, Cavanaugh CM, Collier R, Goffredi SK, Hashimoto J, Lilley MD, Reysenbach AL, Shank TM, Von Damm KL, Banta A, Gallant RM, Gotz D, Green D, Hall J, Harmer TL, Hurtado LA, Johnson P, McKiness ZP, Meredith C, Olson E, Pan IL, Turnipseed M, Won Y, Young CR 3rd, Vrijenhoek RC. Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents. Science. 2001, 294 (5543): 818–23 [2015-10-26]. PMID 11557843. doi:10.1126/science.1064574. （原始内容存档于2010-09-27）.
^ Nakamura, Kentaro; Watanabe, Hiromi; Miyazaki, Junichi; Takai, Ken; Kawagucci, Shinsuke; Noguchi, Takuro; Nemoto, Suguru; Watsuji, Tomo-o; Matsuzaki, Takuya; Shibuya, Takazo; Okamura, Kei; Mochizuki, Masashi; Orihashi, Yuji; Ura, Tamaki; Asada, Akira; Marie, Daniel; Koonjul, Meera; Singh, Manvendra; Beedessee, Girish; Bhikajee, Mitrasen; Tamaki, Kensaku; Schnur, Joel M. Discovery of New Hydrothermal Activity and Chemosynthetic Fauna on the Central Indian Ridge at 18°–20°S. PLoS ONE. 14 March 2012, 7 (3): e32965. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032965.
^ Tao, C.; Lin, J.; Guo, S.; Chen, Y. J.; Wu, G.; Han, X.; German, C. R.; Yoerger, D. R.; Zhou, N.; Li, H.; Su, X.; Zhu, J. First active hydrothermal vents on an ultraslow-spreading center: Southwest Indian Ridge. Geology. 23 November 2011, 40 (1): 47–50. doi:10.1130/G32389.1.
^ Chen, Chong; Copley, Jonathan T.; Linse, Katrin; Rogers, Alex D.; Sigwart, Julia. How the mollusc got its scales: convergent evolution of the molluscan scleritome. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. April 2015, 114 (4): 949–954. doi:10.1111/bij.12462.
^ Beedessee, Girish; Watanabe, Hiromi; Ogura, Tomomi; Nemoto, Suguru; Yahagi, Takuya; Nakagawa, Satoshi; Nakamura, Kentaro; Takai, Ken; Koonjul, Meera; Marie, Daniel E. P. High Connectivity of Animal Populations in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Fields in the Central Indian Ridge Relevant to Its Geological Setting. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (12): e81570. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881570B. PMC 3864839 . PMID 24358117. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081570 .
^ Chen, Chong; Uematsu, Katsuyuki; Linse, Katrin; Sigwart, Julia D. By more ways than one: Rapid convergence at hydrothermal vents shown by 3D anatomical reconstruction of Gigantopelta (Mollusca: Neomphalina). BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2017, 17 (1): 62. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5333402 . PMID 28249568. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0917-z .
^ Nakamura, Kentaro; Watanabe, Hiromi; Miyazaki, Junichi; Takai, Ken; Kawagucci, Shinsuke; Noguchi, Takuro; Nemoto, Suguru; Watsuji, Tomo-o; Matsuzaki, Takuya; Shibuya, Takazo; Okamura, Kei; Mochizuki, Masashi; Orihashi, Yuji; Ura, Tamaki; Asada, Akira; Marie, Daniel; Koonjul, Meera; Singh, Manvendra; Beedessee, Girish; Bhikajee, Mitrasen; Tamaki, Kensaku; Schnur, Joel M. Discovery of New Hydrothermal Activity and Chemosynthetic Fauna on the Central Indian Ridge at 18°–20°S. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (3): e32965. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...732965N. PMC 3303786 . PMID 22431990. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032965 .

[IUCN-1] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-1. 2019 [2019-07-28]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-23）.

[Chen_2015-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Chen, Chong; Linse, Katrin; Copley, Jonathan T.; Rogers, Alex D. The 'scaly-foot gastropod': a new genus and species of hydrothermal vent-endemic gastropod (Neomphalina: Peltospiridae) from the Indian Ocean. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 2015, 81 (3): 322–334 [2015-10-26]. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyv013. （原始内容存档于2016-07-13）.

[3] 外海：鱗角腹足蝸牛. 生命無奇不有！：海、河、湖的怪奇生物圖鑑. 台湾东贩股份有限公司. 2017-10-01: 144–145. ISBN 978-986-475-475-5 （中文（繁体））.

[Chen_2015_heart-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Chen, Chong; Copley, Jonathan T.; Linse, Katrin; Rogers, Alex D.; Sigwart, Julia D. The heart of a dragon: 3D anatomical reconstruction of the 'scaly-foot gastropod' (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neomphalina) reveals its extraordinary circulatory system. Frontiers in Zoology. 2015, 12: 13. PMC 4470333 . PMID 26085836. doi:10.1186/s12983-015-0105-1 .

[5] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [2019-07-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-04）.

[6] Sigwart, Julia D.; Chen, Chong; Thomas, Elin A.; Allcock, A. Louise; Böhm, Monika; Seddon, Mary. Red Listing can protect deep-sea biodiversity. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2019-07-22 [2019-07-28]. ISSN 2397-334X. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0930-2. （原始内容存档于2020-11-18）（英语）.

[7] Lambert, Jonathan. Ocean snail is first animal to be officially endangered by deep-sea mining. Nature. 2019-07-22, 571: 455 [2019-07-28]. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02231-1. （原始内容存档于2020-06-14）（英语）.

[8] Van Dover CL, Humphris SE, Fornari D, Cavanaugh CM, Collier R, Goffredi SK, Hashimoto J, Lilley MD, Reysenbach AL, Shank TM, Von Damm KL, Banta A, Gallant RM, Gotz D, Green D, Hall J, Harmer TL, Hurtado LA, Johnson P, McKiness ZP, Meredith C, Olson E, Pan IL, Turnipseed M, Won Y, Young CR 3rd, Vrijenhoek RC. Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents. Science. 2001, 294 (5543): 818–23 [2015-10-26]. PMID 11557843. doi:10.1126/science.1064574. （原始内容存档于2010-09-27）.

[9] Nakamura, Kentaro; Watanabe, Hiromi; Miyazaki, Junichi; Takai, Ken; Kawagucci, Shinsuke; Noguchi, Takuro; Nemoto, Suguru; Watsuji, Tomo-o; Matsuzaki, Takuya; Shibuya, Takazo; Okamura, Kei; Mochizuki, Masashi; Orihashi, Yuji; Ura, Tamaki; Asada, Akira; Marie, Daniel; Koonjul, Meera; Singh, Manvendra; Beedessee, Girish; Bhikajee, Mitrasen; Tamaki, Kensaku; Schnur, Joel M. Discovery of New Hydrothermal Activity and Chemosynthetic Fauna on the Central Indian Ridge at 18°–20°S. PLoS ONE. 14 March 2012, 7 (3): e32965. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032965.

[10] Tao, C.; Lin, J.; Guo, S.; Chen, Y. J.; Wu, G.; Han, X.; German, C. R.; Yoerger, D. R.; Zhou, N.; Li, H.; Su, X.; Zhu, J. First active hydrothermal vents on an ultraslow-spreading center: Southwest Indian Ridge. Geology. 23 November 2011, 40 (1): 47–50. doi:10.1130/G32389.1.

[11] Chen, Chong; Copley, Jonathan T.; Linse, Katrin; Rogers, Alex D.; Sigwart, Julia. How the mollusc got its scales: convergent evolution of the molluscan scleritome. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. April 2015, 114 (4): 949–954. doi:10.1111/bij.12462.

[Beedessee_2013-12] Beedessee, Girish; Watanabe, Hiromi; Ogura, Tomomi; Nemoto, Suguru; Yahagi, Takuya; Nakagawa, Satoshi; Nakamura, Kentaro; Takai, Ken; Koonjul, Meera; Marie, Daniel E. P. High Connectivity of Animal Populations in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Fields in the Central Indian Ridge Relevant to Its Geological Setting. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (12): e81570. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881570B. PMC 3864839 . PMID 24358117. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081570 .

[Chen_2017-13] Chen, Chong; Uematsu, Katsuyuki; Linse, Katrin; Sigwart, Julia D. By more ways than one: Rapid convergence at hydrothermal vents shown by 3D anatomical reconstruction of Gigantopelta (Mollusca: Neomphalina). BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2017, 17 (1): 62. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5333402 . PMID 28249568. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0917-z .

[Nakamura_2012-14] Nakamura, Kentaro; Watanabe, Hiromi; Miyazaki, Junichi; Takai, Ken; Kawagucci, Shinsuke; Noguchi, Takuro; Nemoto, Suguru; Watsuji, Tomo-o; Matsuzaki, Takuya; Shibuya, Takazo; Okamura, Kei; Mochizuki, Masashi; Orihashi, Yuji; Ura, Tamaki; Asada, Akira; Marie, Daniel; Koonjul, Meera; Singh, Manvendra; Beedessee, Girish; Bhikajee, Mitrasen; Tamaki, Kensaku; Schnur, Joel M. Discovery of New Hydrothermal Activity and Chemosynthetic Fauna on the Central Indian Ridge at 18°–20°S. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (3): e32965. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...732965N. PMC 3303786 . PMID 22431990. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032965 .

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