鹼基切除修復
鹼基切除修復（Base excision repair，BER）是細胞修復受損DNA的一種機制，主要用來修補大小較小、對DNA雙股螺旋結構影響較小的損傷，包括去胺、被烷基化或氧化的鹼基，如8-羥基鳥嘌呤（8-oxoG）、7-甲基鸟苷、黃嘌呤與尿嘧啶等[1][2]。大小較大、影響DNA結構較大的損傷（如紫外線造成的胸腺嘧啶二聚体）則是由核苷酸切除修复（NER）途徑修補[3]。細菌[4]、古菌[5]與真核生物皆有鹼基切除修復的機制。
BER的過程首先由DNA糖基酶移除損傷的鹼基，形成AP位點，隨後AP核酸內切酶將此位點的磷酸二酯鍵切除，造成DNA單股斷裂，接著再由DNA聚合酶合成缺失的鹼基（與一般DNA複製的過程一樣有DNA夾參與），可能僅合成單一缺失的鹼基後由DNA連接酶完成修補（短補丁修復；short-patch BER），也可能合成2-10個核苷酸以取代下游的若干的核苷酸，由Flap核酸內切酶將舊有的核苷酸切除後，再由DNA連接酶完成修補（長補丁修復；long-patch BER）[6]，兩途徑的選擇由DNA損傷種類、細胞週期、細胞分化狀態與物種種類等因素決定[7]。
DNA糖基酶的活性可能隨老化而下降，使BER途徑的效率降低[8]。另外BER途徑的缺失與數種癌症有關[9][10]。
參考文獻
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- ^ Jayanta Chaudhuri; Frederick W. Alt. Class-switch recombination: interplay of transcription, DNA deamination and DNA repair. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2004, 4 (7): 541–552. PMID 15229473. doi:10.1038/nri1395.
- ^ Reardon JT, Sancar A. Purification and characterization of Escherichia coli and human nucleotide excision repair enzyme systems. Methods in Enzymology. 2006, 408: 189–213. ISBN 9780121828134. PMID 16793370. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(06)08012-8.
- ^ Wallace SS. Base excision repair: a critical player in many games.. DNA Repair (Amst). 2014, 19: 14–26. PMC 4100245
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- ^ Grasso S, Tell G. Base excision repair in Archaea: back to the future in DNA repair.. DNA Repair (Amst). 2014, 21: 148–57. PMID 25012975. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.05.006.
- ^ Liu Y, Prasad R, Beard WA, Kedar PS, Hou EW, Shock DD, Wilson SH. Coordination of Steps in Single-nucleotide Base Excision Repair Mediated by Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 and DNA Polymerase β. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2007, 282 (18): 13532–13541. PMC 2366199 . PMID 17355977. doi:10.1074/jbc.M611295200.
- ^ Fortini P, Dogliotti E. Base damage and single-strand break repair: mechanisms and functional significance of short- and long-patch repair subpathways. DNA Repair. April 2007, 6 (4): 398–409. PMID 17129767. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.10.008.
- ^ Atamna H, Cheung I, Ames BN. A method for detecting abasic sites in living cells: age-dependent changes in base excision repair. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000, 97 (2): 686–91. PMC 15391 . PMID 10639140. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.2.686.
- ^ Chaisaingmongkol J, Popanda O, Warta R, Dyckhoff G, Herpel E, Geiselhart L, Claus R, Lasitschka F, Campos B, Oakes CC, Bermejo JL, Herold-Mende C, Plass C, Schmezer P. Epigenetic screen of human DNA repair genes identifies aberrant promoter methylation of NEIL1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene. 2012, 31 (49): 5108–16. PMID 22286769. doi:10.1038/onc.2011.660.
- ^ Farrington, S. M.; Tenesa, A; Barnetson, R; Wiltshire, A; Prendergast, J; Porteous, M; Campbell, H; Dunlop, M. G. Germline susceptibility to colorectal cancer due to base-excision repair gene defects. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, 77 (1): 112–9. PMC 1226182 . PMID 15931596. doi:10.1086/431213.
