演化錯配

演化錯配或演化不匹配 (英語：Evolutionary mismatch)，是一個指演化生物學的概念，指出本來對生物有利的特徵，因著環境改變，特別是在環境快速改後後，變成不利的特徵。^[1]^[2]

環境改變可以是時間性(例如氣候變化)或空間性(例如遷移)。環境改變是自然且不斷發生，導致有不少演化錯配的例子，但大規模的自然環境改變，一般很少發生。不過，自人類科技急速發展，也導致越來越多演化錯配的問題出現。

人類的演化錯配

新石器革命帶來人類演化上的改變，由狩獵社會，變成農業社會，而然，人體仍然適應以前的生活為主。由於人類的技術發展比人體演化快，導致人體很多身體的機制或特徵，由有利變成不利。^[3]^[4]^[5]

肥胖問題

人體傾向於維持體內平衡^[6]，特別是在儲存脂肪時。這項特徵是「節儉基因假說」，這假說認為「人類在化發展過程中，自然會選擇那些身體能夠有效利用食物熱量，當有盛宴時會儲存能量和脂肪，以備飢荒時使用」。這生命特徵，在過去生活在環境壓力下的狩獵採集者中受益。因下一餐的時間不確定，而且他們會花大部分時間進行高水準的體力活動，因此，必需將多餘的能量儲存為脂肪，以便在飢餓時利用。

然而，現代人類已經進化到一個久坐的生活方式，且非常方便獲得食品，因而導致肥胖及出現代謝症候群。^[7]

衛生假說

衛生假說是一种医学假说，指童年时因缺少接触传染源、共生微生物（如胃肠道菌群、益生菌）与寄生蟲，从而抑制了免疫系统的正常发展，进而增加了罹患过敏性疾病的可能性。一些研究人員認為，過度消毒的環境條件會導致發炎性慢性疾病的發展，因為人體在演化史上，人類已經選擇適應含有很多病原體的環境。研究表明，我們的共生群落的變化會導致免疫穩態紊亂，^[8]^[9]^[10]

參考

^ Lloyd, Elisabeth; Wilson, David Sloan; Sober, Elliott. Evolutionary Mismatch And What To Do About It: A Basic Tutorial. Evolutionary Applications. 2011: 2–4.
^ Lean, Judith L.; Rind, David H. How Natural and Anthropogenic Influences Alter Global and Regional Surface Temperatures: 1889 to 2006. Geophysical Research Letters. 2008, 35 (18): L1870116 September 2008. Bibcode:2008GeoRL..3518701L. doi:10.1029/2008GL034864 .
^ Cordain, Loren; Eaton, S Boyd; Sebastian, Anthony; Mann, Neil; Lindeberg, Staffan; Watkins, Bruce A; O’Keefe, James H; Brand-Miller, Janette. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1 February 2005, 81 (2): 341–354. PMID 15699220. doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341 .
^ Barker, Graeme. The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why Did Foragers Become Farmers?. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006: 1.
^ Li, Norman P.; van Vugt, Mark; Colarelli, Stephen M. The Evolutionary Mismatch Hypothesis: Implications for Psychological Science. Current Directions in Psychological Science. February 2018, 27 (1): 38–44. doi:10.1177/0963721417731378 . hdl:1871.1/a69ee419-becb-4cb9-984a-4bddd36a2b11 .
^ Power, Michael L.; Schulkin, Jay. The Evolution of Obesity. JHU Press. 2013-01-02. ISBN 9781421409603 （英语）.
^ Alvergne, Alexandra; Jenkinson, Crispin; Faurie, Charlotte. Evolutionary Thinking in Medicine – Springer. 2016. ISBN 978-3-319-29714-9. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29716-3.
^ Garn, Holger; Renz, Harald. Epidemiological and immunological evidence for the hygiene hypothesis. Immunobiology. 2007, 212 (6): 441–452. PMID 17544829. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2007.03.006.
^ Prokopakis, Emmanuel; Vardouniotis, Alexios; Kawauchi, Hideyuki; Scadding, Glenis; Georgalas, Christos; Hellings, Peter; Velegrakis, George; Kalogjera, Livije. The pathophysiology of the hygiene hypothesis. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2013, 77 (7): 1065–1071. PMID 23701898. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.04.036.
^ Sironi, Manuela; Clerici, Mario. The hygiene hypothesis: an evolutionary perspective. Microbes and Infection. 2010-06-01, 12 (6): 421–427. PMID 20178858. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2010.02.002 .

參見

[:0-1] Lloyd, Elisabeth; Wilson, David Sloan; Sober, Elliott. Evolutionary Mismatch And What To Do About It: A Basic Tutorial. Evolutionary Applications. 2011: 2–4.

[2] Lean, Judith L.; Rind, David H. How Natural and Anthropogenic Influences Alter Global and Regional Surface Temperatures: 1889 to 2006. Geophysical Research Letters. 2008, 35 (18): L1870116 September 2008. Bibcode:2008GeoRL..3518701L. doi:10.1029/2008GL034864 .

[:1-3] Cordain, Loren; Eaton, S Boyd; Sebastian, Anthony; Mann, Neil; Lindeberg, Staffan; Watkins, Bruce A; O’Keefe, James H; Brand-Miller, Janette. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1 February 2005, 81 (2): 341–354. PMID 15699220. doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341 .

[4] Barker, Graeme. The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why Did Foragers Become Farmers?. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006: 1.

[Li-5] Li, Norman P.; van Vugt, Mark; Colarelli, Stephen M. The Evolutionary Mismatch Hypothesis: Implications for Psychological Science. Current Directions in Psychological Science. February 2018, 27 (1): 38–44. doi:10.1177/0963721417731378 . hdl:1871.1/a69ee419-becb-4cb9-984a-4bddd36a2b11 .

[6] Power, Michael L.; Schulkin, Jay. The Evolution of Obesity. JHU Press. 2013-01-02. ISBN 9781421409603 （英语）.

[7] Alvergne, Alexandra; Jenkinson, Crispin; Faurie, Charlotte. Evolutionary Thinking in Medicine – Springer. 2016. ISBN 978-3-319-29714-9. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29716-3.

[8] Garn, Holger; Renz, Harald. Epidemiological and immunological evidence for the hygiene hypothesis. Immunobiology. 2007, 212 (6): 441–452. PMID 17544829. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2007.03.006.

[9] Prokopakis, Emmanuel; Vardouniotis, Alexios; Kawauchi, Hideyuki; Scadding, Glenis; Georgalas, Christos; Hellings, Peter; Velegrakis, George; Kalogjera, Livije. The pathophysiology of the hygiene hypothesis. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2013, 77 (7): 1065–1071. PMID 23701898. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.04.036.

[Hygiene-10] Sironi, Manuela; Clerici, Mario. The hygiene hypothesis: an evolutionary perspective. Microbes and Infection. 2010-06-01, 12 (6): 421–427. PMID 20178858. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2010.02.002 .

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