二甲双胍
此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充,此條目在對應語言版為高品質條目。 (2023年12月24日) |
臨床資料 | |
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读音 | /mɛtˈfɔːrmɪn/, met-FAWR-min |
商品名 | Glucophage, other |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a696005 |
核准狀況 | |
懷孕分級 |
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给药途径 | 口服 |
ATC碼 | |
法律規範狀態 | |
法律規範 |
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藥物動力學數據 | |
生物利用度 | 50–60%[1][2] |
血漿蛋白結合率 | 很小[1] |
药物代谢 | 不经过肝脏[1] |
生物半衰期 | 4-8.7小时[1] |
排泄途徑 | 尿液(90%)[1] |
识别信息 | |
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CAS号 | 657-24-9 |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.010.472 |
化学信息 | |
化学式 | C4H11N5 |
摩尔质量 | 129.17 g·mol−1 |
3D模型(JSmol) | |
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二甲双
二甲雙胍在人體通常沒有顯著副作用[8]。常見副作用包含腹瀉、惡心,以及腹痛[3],造成低血糖的機會不大[3]。但值得關注的是,不當用藥可能會導致乳酸中毒,嚴重者甚至會死亡[9]。肝病、腎功能衰竭者不宜服用本品[3],妊娠期間用藥目前沒有已知影響,但妊娠糖尿病一般建議以胰島素進行治療[3][10]。本品屬於雙胍類藥物[3],藉由降低肝臟糖質新生及提升胰島素敏感度來達到治療的效果[3]。
二甲双胍最早於1922年發現[11],但直到1950年代,法國內科醫師讓·斯特恩(Jean Sterne)開啟了二甲双胍人类应用的临床研究[11]。1957年,本品開始在法國用於藥用,並於1995年開始於美國使用[3][12]。本品列名於世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单之中,為基礎公衛體系必備藥物之一[13]。目前相信口服給藥是最有效的給藥途徑[11],本品屬於通用名藥物[3]。2014年本品於已開發國家的批發價為0.21至5.55美元之間[14]。在美國,一個月療程的藥物花費約於 5 至 25 美元之間[3]。
药理
[编辑]二甲双胍的分子药理机制目前尚不完全清楚。已知其至少作用于肝脏,减少糖异生(即葡萄糖的生产)与减轻胰岛素抵抗[15]。有研究表明二甲双胍可激活单磷酸腺苷活化的蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK),是二甲双胍抑制肝脏糖异生、在胰岛素信号传导通路中提高胰岛素的敏感性不可缺少的机制之一[16]。AMPK作为蛋白激酶不仅在胰岛素信号传导通路中,在全身能量平衡以及葡萄糖和脂肪的代谢中也起着重要作用[17]。动物实验和临床研究均表明二甲双胍可诱导糖尿病的粪便微生物菌群构成发生重大变化,不仅可能有助于胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)的分泌及作用,还证实可改善胰岛素的敏感性,也是其抗2型糖尿病作用的重要机制之一[18][19]。
优势
[编辑]- 不会增加体重
- 与其他药品相比不易造成低血糖
- 减少三酸甘油酯
- 对低密度脂蛋白有很好的效果
- 对血压无影响
- 价格低廉
缺点
[编辑]研究
[编辑]有被研究用于非酒精性脂肪肝[20][21][22]和早发育[23][24][25]。
抗衰老
[编辑]一些資料顯示,服用二甲双胍的糖尿病患者,其存活率甚至超過其他条件类似但未患糖尿病的人群[26],而對二甲双胍在人類身上是否有抗衰老效果的臨床實驗預計於2016年冬在美國開始進行。流行病學研究表明,可預防心臟病、癌症和阿茲海默症等, 令致死疾病減少身體較健康,食十年以上整體增加一成多壽命。 [27]
对动物模型有显著的延寿作用。[28]目前尚无质量足够的人类临床研究证明其延长寿命。对于不患糖尿病的人未观测到降低癌症、心血管疾病发病率的情况。[29]对于糖尿病患者则确实有抗癌、抗心血管疾病的现象,甚至和血糖控制情况是独立的。[30][31]
不排除其可以延长“无病寿命”的可能性。[32]
註解
[编辑]参考文献
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延伸閲讀
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